107 
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STORIE 
ROTHERHCDD 




HAROLD B HUNTING 




filass C j (A7 

Book .H^ S- 
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COraRICHT DEPOSIT 




vi^ Underwood &■ Underwood 
A HERO OF BROTHERHOOD WHO OFTEN RISKS HIS LIFE, 
THAT WE MAY TRAVEL IN SAFETY 



STORIES 

OF 

BROTHERHOOD 

A BOOK FOR BOYS AND GIRLS 



HAROLD B/HUNTING 



NEW YORK 

MISSIONARY EDUCATION MOVEMENT 

OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA 

1918 



0'^ ' . 



COPYRIGHT, 1918, BY 

MISSIONARY EDUCATION MOVEMENT OF THE 

UNITED STATES AND CANADA 



MAY 29 1918 Ol A ^^ 






^ 






:::) 



TO E. M. H. 



CONTENTS 

CHAPTER PAGE 

A Word to Boys and Girls .... xi 
I. A Man Who Brought the Sunshine 

TO Children 1 

II. A Garbage Man Who Was Proud of 

His Job 9 

III. A New Kind of Policeman .... 16 

IV. A Judge Who Loves Even Bad Chil- 

dren 22 

y. A Woman Who Made Nursing Beauti- 
ful 29 

VI. A" Doctor Who Fought the Great 

Whitb Plague 36 

VII. A Man Who Did Not Want Any One 

to Be Poor 45 

VIII. The Golden Rule in Business ... 52 
IX. A Farmer Who Made Two Ears of 

Corn Grow in Place of One . . 62 
X. Milk for Babies in China .... 70 

XI. More Bread for India 79 

XII. Immigrants Who Have Helped Amer- 
ica 88 

XIII. A Black Man Who Believed in His 

White Neighbors .... 94 

XIV. A Missionary Who Helped Different 

Nations to Be Friends .... 105 
XV. Heroes of Toil in All Lands . . . 114 

vii 



ILLUSTRATIONS 



A Hero of Brothekhgod Who Often Risks His Life, 

That We May Travel in Safety . . Frontispiece 

PAGE 

TixERE Are Still Many Boys and Girls Whose Only 

Playground Is the Sidewalk 5 

A "White-Wing" Parade in New York City. In the 

Rear Are the Garbage Collectors .... 13 

A Friend to Boys and Girls 21 

One of Many Judges Who Love Boys and Girls . . 25 

A Modern Follower of Florence Nightingale Cheering 
Wounded Soldiers with a Game of Checkers, in 
THE American Hospital at Neuilly, France . . 33 

The Outdoor School Is an Up-to-Date Method of 

Making Boys and Girls Strong and Sturdy . . 43 

This Mother Must Sew Four Days Before Receiving 
Her Wages, Which Will Be Barely Enough to 
Keep Her Family from Starving Until Another 
Batch of Work Is Finished 47 

The Sun Is Hot and' the Bag Heavy, but Five-year-old 

Johnny Must Pick His Twenty Pounds a Day . 57 

Be a Golden Rule Customer, and When You Are 
Grown Up, Work for the Golden Rule in Busi- 
ness, So That All Children May Have Time for 
School and Play 61 

Uncle Sam's Helper Showing Boys How They Can Aid 

Uncle Sam in Feeding the World .... 69 
ix 



X ILLUSTRATIONS (continued) 

Chinese Students on Purple Mountain Planting the 

Trees That May Prevent a Flood Some Day . . 77 

"What Did I Do Wrong Here?" the Student Is Asking, 

and Mr. Higginbottom Is Showing Him ... 86 

Have You Ever Made Fii^WDS with the Men from Italy 

Who Build Such Splendid Roads for Us? . . . 91 

Tuskegee Institute Students Are Proving That Skil- 
ful Boys Become Useful Citizens .... 97 

The Girls of Tuskegee Institute Believe That a True 

Home-Maker Must Be a Good Cook .... 103 

"His Excellency the Skilful and Merciful" Doctor 

Shepard Starting on One of His Journeys . . 107 

At the National Cash Register Company, Dayton, Ohio, 
a Suction System Removes the Metal Dust That 
Flies from the Grinding Wpieels 119 

The Pipes That Carried the Dust Safely Away from 
the Workers' Lungs. A Week's Accumulation of 
Metal Dust 121 



A WORD TO BOYS AND GIRLS 

In this book are told the stories of a few of 
the many men and women who, in recent years, 
have helped to make the world more like a 
happy and loving home. 



XI 



A MAN WHO BROUGHT THE SUNSHINE 
TO CHILDREN 

He will save the children of the needy, 
And will break in pieces the oppressor. 

—Psalm 72. 4 

One day a newspaper reporter named Jacob 
A. Riis (pronounced Reese) went on a trip for 
his paper into one of the tenement houses on 
Stanton Street, New York. Stanton Street is 
in one of the most crowded sections of the city. 

One of the families which Mr. Riis visited was 
in the rear of an upper floor of the building. 

^^How dark it is in here!" said Mr. Riis. 
* * Do you not have any windows ? ' ' 

**Yes," said the mother, ^'but they all open 
into the air-shaft. They don't open into the 
street." 

*^Does the sunlight ever shine in at all?" said 
the visitor. 

Then one of the children spoke, a girl about 
twelve years old. 

**Yes, sir," she said; *^two or three days each 



2 STORIES OF BROTHERHOOD 

year, toward the last of June, when the sun 
rises highest in the sky, the sunlight strikes our 
walls as far as here, ' ^ and she pointed to a place 
on the wall. 

It was February then — five long months be- 
fore the sunlight would smile down for a day or 
two into that dark home, and then say good-by 
for another year. And the family had lived 
there six years. 

The sorrows of people in such tenements as 
this made Jacob A. Eiis a fighter for the people, 
and especially for the children, that they might 
have sunlight and air and decent, comfortable, 
cheerful homes to live in. 

Mr. Eiis knew just what it meant to be poor. 
He had come as a young immigrant from Den- 
mark to New York and had suffered all kinds 
of hardships. In those days he could not speak 
English very well, and people cheated and 
abused him. Although he was a good carpenter 
and a faithful worker, yet often he could not 
find work. Many a night he slept on park 
benches, in empty wagons, and even, one night, 
on a flat stone slab in an old graveyard. Many 
a night he went around to the basement of a 
certain restaurant, where the cook was sorry 
for him and handed him some of the leavings 
from the restaurant tables for his supper. Once 



A MAN WHO BROUGHT SUNSHINE 3 

he even went down to the river to drown him- 
self; but as he sat by the water's edge, a little 
dog came and licked his face, and he and the 
dog took courage and came back to try once 
more to find a way to live. 

At last he found a job as a reporter on the 
New York Tribune, and a fine reporter he was, 
for he knew how to write stories that people 
would read. In his search for news he went, of 
course, into all parts of the city — down into 
Stanton Street, as we have seen, and into many 
another dark, crowded section. 

The things he saw made his heart sick. Those 
tenement houses were built just to make money 
for the landlords. ^'No matter how dark or un- 
healthy or dangerous they are, just crowd as 
many families as you can into them," the land- 
lords seemed to say, ^'and get as much rent as 
you can out of them.'' Many of them caught 
fire from time to time, and many of the tenants 
were burned alive, because the houses were so 
poorly built. There was a law which said that 
stairways in these houses should be fire-proof; 
but the law was not enforced. Mr. Riis tells of 
one fire in which the father, mother, and three 
children were all burned, because the stairways 
became a furnace of flame and there was no 
proper fire-escape. The father and mother went 



4 STORIES OF BROTHERHOOD 

back to get the children, and by that time it was 
too late for any of them to escape. 

Mr. Riis made up his mind to tight these 
wrongs by telling the story of them to every- 
body who would read or listen, until all the 
people throughout the city and nation should be 
so stirred with anger that laws would be passed 
and enforced, compelling these selfish landlords 
to change their ways. So he carried a camera 
and took pictures of the dirty streets and tum- 
ble-down houses and the pale, sickly, starving 
boys and girls. He wrote a book, telling of what 
he had seen and showing the pictures he had 
taken. The book was called How the Other 
Half Lives, from the well-known proverb, 
''Half the world does not know how the O'ther 
half lives." 

People read the book and read Mr. Eiis's 
articles in his paper, and they became ' ' fighting 
mad.'* They determined to do something to 
make life sweeter and happier for these boys 
and girls. One of the worst of the places which 
Mr. Riis had described was Mulberry Bend in 
the lower part of New York. A bill was intro- 
duced in the New York legislature to buy the 
land and buildings on this street, giving the 
landlords a fair price for the property, and to 
turn the whole place into a park. Of course the 



6 STORIES OF BROTHERHOOD 

landlords did not want this law passed, and they 
had friends in the legislature. Year after year 
it was delayed for one excuse or another. Mean- 
while Mr. Riis kept writing his stories and tak- 
ing his pictures. And at last, ten long years 
later, the law was passed, and the foul old 
shacks were torn down. To-day, instead of the 
tenements of Mulberry Bend, there is Mulberry 
Park, with grass and trees, and children play- 
ing in the sunshine. 

Also, largely through Mr. Riis's influence, a 
new tenement house law was passed in the state 
of New York, which required that all tenement 
houses be built in such a way that each flat or 
apartment should be open to the sunlight and 
air. In New York City to-day tenements are 
classed as old-law or new-law houses. The new- 
law houses are safer and more healthful in 
every way, than those which were built before 
the law was passed. 

Similar laws have been passed or are being 
passed in many states. There is such a law in 
the state of Indiana. A woman named Mrs. 
Bacon, of Evansville, in that state, did much 
to have it passed. Mrs. Bacon's children came 
home sick one day from school. They had 
caught scarlet fever. Afterward it was found 



A MAN WHO BROUGHT SUNSHINE 7 

that the epidemic started in a dirty street 
where people lived in houses that were moldy 
with the darkness and damp, and where the 
landlords seldom made any improvements. 

*^I did not dream that there could be such 
places in our little town of Evansville, ' ^ said 
Mrs. Bacon. '^I supposed that you could only 
find them in New York and other big cities.'* 
But there they were in Evansville, and the scar- 
let fever had started in them; the children 
from those houses had brought it to school, and 
Mrs. Bacon's children had caught it and might 
have died. So she also took up the fight against 
selfish landlords, and after a long struggle she 
won. 

So the work goes on for more sunshine and 
pure air for boys and girls who live in crowded 
tenements. Mr. Riis died several years ago, 
but men are still learning from him to take a 
more sincere interest in ^'how the other half 
lives.'' 

At the beginning of one of his books Mr. Riis 
printed a few verses from a poem by James 
Eussell Lowell. They help us to understand 
why he worked so hard and fought so bravely. 
He saw that to hurt a child is the same thing 
as spoiling an image of God. *^For God made 
man in his own image." 



8 STORIES OF BROTHERHOOD 

The poem tells how Christ might feel if he 
were to come again to earth to-day. 

Then the Christ sought out an artisan, 
A low-browed, stunted, haggard man, 
And a motherless girl whose fingers thin 
Pushed from her faintly, want and sin. 

These set he in the midst of them, 
And as they drew back their garment-hem 
For fear of defilement, "Lo, here," said he, 
"The images ye have made of me !" 



II 



A GAEBAGE MAN WHO WAS PROUD OF 
HIS JOB 

For Zion 's sake will I not hold my peace, and 
for Jerusalem's sake I will not rest. . . . 
Thou shalt be a crown of beauty in the hand 
of Jehovah, and a royal diadem in the hand 
of thy God, 

— Isaiah 62. 1, 3 

In one of the cities of ancient Greece there 
was once a queer old fellow who, as a joke, was 
appointed town scavenger. This meant that 
every day he was to clean away the filth which 
was left in the streets. No one had ever been 
willing to do this work so long as there was any 
other possible way to earn a living. But this 
man took the position and kept the streets of 
his city so clean that he won the honor and re- 
spect of all his fellow citizens. 

A man very much like that old Greek lived in 
our own time and made the largest city of 
America one of the cleanest instead of one of 
the dirtiest in the world. His name was George 
E. Waring. 

There was a time not long ago when New 

9 



10 STORIES OF BROTHERHOOD 

York was indeed a very dirty city. The streets 
were slimy with mud when it rained and foul 
with dust when the weather was dry. Boxes and 
barrels of garbage, ashes, and rubbish stood 
everywhere on the sidewalks, running over into 
the gutters. The openings into the sewers were 
clogged. Horses and wagons were allowed to 
stand in the streets, instead of being taken to 
stables. In the winter the snow that fell 
was never removed from the sidewalks. Those 
who could afford to wear rubbers kept their feet 
dry, but the children of the poor had to tramp 
to school through the slush and suffer from the 
coughs and colds which came as a result. In 
the summer-time the air was filled with dust, 
and many persons suffered from throat and 
lung diseases caused by dust. 

When complaints were made, it was said that 
^'you can't have clean streets in New York.'' 
There was, to be sure, a street-cleaning depart- 
ment in the city government, but men were ap- 
pointed as street-cleaners not because they 
would do the work well, but because they had 
voted in a certain way at the last election. They 
took no pride in their work and did it poorly. 

In 1895 a new street-cleaning commissioner, 
Colonel George E. Waring, was appointed. 
Colonel Waring was a sanitary engineer. That 



A PKOUD GARBAGE MAN 11 

is, it was his life-work to make cities healthful 
for people to live in. For example, he had put 
a new system of sewers into the city of Mem- 
phis, because the old sewers had caused epi- 
demics of disease. 

When he was offered the new position in New 
York, he was told that ^ ' no man with a reputa- 
tion can afford to hold the office.'' But Colonel 
Waring took it, on the condition that he was to 
be allowed to- put in good men as workers, no 
matter what ticket they had voted at the elec- 
tion. He dismissed some of the bad men and 
showed the others how the work should be done. 
He gave them new and better tools. Instead of 
shoveling the street-sweepings into wagons, 
with the wind blowing the dust everywhere, he 
gave each man a small ^^bag-carrier'' with 
wheels, and the sweepings were to be put in this 
bag as fast as they were collected. Better and 
quicker ways of removing the garbage and 
ashes were invented. When snow-storms came, 
extra men were hired, and the whole city was 
cleared of snow much more quickly. 

Best of all, he made the people of New York 
proud of their street-sweepers. Each one was 
given a white uniform, so that they were called 
** white-wings." In 1896 he arranged a parade 
for these h-ard-working men, who were doing 



12 STORIES* OF BROTHERHOOD 

SO much to make the city clean and healthful for 
all the citizens ; and the crowds cheered them as 
they marched by. Colonel Waring also per- 
suaded the people to help the street-sweepers. 
The boys and girls were organized into juvenile 
civic leagues, to help keep the streets clean. 

Here is a letter which came to him from a boy 
in one of the leagues ; 



Dear Sir: 

While walking through Broome Street, on Monday, at 
7.30 p. M., I saw a man throwing a mattress on the street. 
I told him to put it in a barrel, and he picked it up and 
thanked me for the inflammation I had given him. I also 
picked up 35 banana skins, 43 watermelon shells, 2 bottles, 
3 cans, and a mattress from Norfolk Street. 



And here is a song that was written for these 
leagues of boys and girls : 



There are barrels in the hallways, 

Neighbor mine. 
Pray be mindful of them always. 

Neighbor mine. 
If you're not devoid of feeling, 
Quickly to those barrels stealing, 
Throw in each banana peeling, 

Neighbor mine. 

Look ! Where'er you drop a paper. 

Neighbor mine, 
In the wind it cuts a caper. 

Neighbor mine. 
Down the street it madly courses. 
And should fill you with remorses 
When you see it scare the horses, 

Neighbor mine. 




Underwood & Underwood 
A "WHITE-WIxXG" PARADE IN NEW YORK CITY. IN THE 
REAR ARE THE GARBAGE COLLECTORS 



14 STORIES OF BROTHERHOOD 

Paper cans were made for papers, 

Neighbor mine. 
Let's not have the fact escape us, 

Neighbor mine. 
And if you will lend a hand, 
Soon our city dear shall stand 
As the cleanest in the land, 
Neighbor mine. 



And soon people began to realize- that paper 
cans are made for papers and ^'barrels in the 
ha'llways" for banana peelings and other waste 
matter. So, gradually New York has indeed 
become one of the cleanest cities in the land, 
and the people who live there are trying to keep 
it so. 

Colonel Waring was dismissed from office 
after three years because of his enemies, who 
wanted to give the street-sweepers' jobs once 
more to those who would vote for this or that 
party or candidate. But none of the street com- 
missioners since Colonel Waring 's time have 
dared to go back to the old ways, and many of 
them have carried the good work even further, 
although much must yet be done to make the 
city even more attractive and healthful. The 
white-wings are still proud of their work. 
Every year there are fewer and fewer cases of 
sickness from foul dust. Little children very 
seldom now have to wade through wet snow to 
school. 



A PROUD GARBAGE MAN 15 

Colonel Waring himself went from New York 
to Havana, Cuba, to make that city also a more 
healthful place for human beings, and while 
there he caught the yellow fever. So, like, a good 
soldier of Christ, he died in the midst of the 
battle, fighting to the very last for cleanliness 
instead of dirt, in order that human beings 
might not have to live like the brutes but like 
children of the heavenly Father. 



Ill 

A NEW KIND OF POLICEMAN 

I, Jehovah, love justice. 

— Isaiah 61. 8 

A policeman was walking down his beat one 
evening, when a shower of stones came flying 
from a dark alley. One of them struck and 
wounded him. The stones were thrown by a 
gang of boys. 

** Cheese it, the cop!" whispered a boy to his 
chums, just as they were about to snatch some 
fruit from a poor old pedler's push-cart; and 
then they all dashed down the street. 

Why were not those boys helping the officer 
to protect that poor pedler's property, instead 
of doing their best to he robbers themselves? 
Why has there so often been a war between boys 
and policemen? 

No doubt the boys themselves have been 
partly to blame — but not altogether. Some- 
times the policeman has been to blame. Some 
men are very fond of swinging big clubs and 
shouting at other persons. Besides this, we all 
have been to blame in what we have expected of 

i6 



A NEW KIND OF POLICEMAN 17 

the policeman. We have supposed that almost 
all boys and girls are bad, and that the best 
policeman is the one who arrests the greatest 
number and sends the most persons to jail. In 
most towns and cities it has been the rule 
to promote to a higher rank those police 
officers who have the best record for mak- 
ing arrests. Of course they want to be pro- 
moted and earn larger salaries; so the police- 
men have sometimes looked for chances to ar- 
rest some one. They have been encouraged to 
suspect some man or some boy or girl of trying 
to break the law. And when you are continually 
suspected of wrong-doing, it is hard to keep 
from doing wrong. 

So the police kept bringing people into court 
for some trifling piece of mischief or on charges 
which they could not prove. When boys were 
arrested in this way and brought to the police 
station, they usually met older men who were 
hardened criminals and who boasted of their 
crimes. The boys imitated them, and so were 
actually taught to be criminals. 

If it was an older man who was arrested for 
some small carelessness, he lost his day's pay 
and sometimes lost his job entirely. Even if 
he was afterward declared innocent, his neigh- 
bors considered it a disgrace that he had been 



18 STORIES OF BROTHERHOOD 

arrested, and his children were jeered at by 
their playmates. 

In the year 1901 there was a new mayor 
elected in Cleveland. His name was Tom L. 
Johnson. Mr. Johnson wanted to make the city 
government benefit the people — that is, all of 
the people, not just the rich and strong — and he 
tried to put at the head of every department a 
man who would carry out that purpose. For 
the police department he selected a man named 
Fred Kohler, whom Theodore Roosevelt once 
called *Hhe best chief of police in America." 

On Christmas day, 1907, Chief Kohler called 
his men together and asked their help in carry- 
ing out a new plan. After this, he said, they 
were not to be promoted according to the num- 
ber of persons each officer had arrested. The 
number of arrests was not to be considered. In- 
stead of that the men were to follow the rule of 
common sense and ^* arrest persons only when 
they should be arrested.'' For example, *^If 
you see boys fighting in the street,'* he said, 
^' don't take them to jail; just warn them and 
send them about their business. If a man is 
drunk, whether he is rich or poor, send him or 
help him home. Only be on the lookout for real 
criminals. ' ' 

And the men did look out for the real crim- 



A NEW KIND OF POLICEMAN 19 

inals. Some persons have supposed that this 
Cleveland idea was too easy-going. Some of the 
citizens in Cleveland were afraid that all the 
burglars and pickpockets in America would im- 
mediately swoop down on their city. But just 
the opposite is the truth. Cleveland has been 
one of the cities that the real crooks and crim- 
inals have stayed away from. The saloon- 
keepers also hated Chief Kohler, because he en- 
forced the law. 

The new plan has been given a thorough trial, 
and almost every one now admits that it is a 
wonderful success. For one thing, it has saved 
the city of Cleveland much money. More than 
thirty thousand persons used to be arrested 
there every year. These cases were tried be- 
fore a regular police judge, and the records 
had to be kept by a clerk. Now the number of 
arrests is only about seven thousand. Best of 
all, there is a new spirit of cooperation between 
the citizens, young and old, and the policemen. 
The boys and girls feel that the man in the 
blue coat is one of their best friends. They 
know that if little brother is lost, the first man 
to tell is the * * cop ' ' on the corner. He will tele- 
phone to headquarters, and in fifteen minutes 
every policeman in the city will be watching for 
the lost little boy — and probably they will find 



20 STORIES OF BROTHERHOOD 

him. They know that it is the policeman who 
helps the aged and lame and blind across the 
crowded street. If any one is hurt or falls un- 
conscious on the sidewalk, it is the man in blue 
who is at once at his side, keeping back the 
curious crowds until the ambulance and the 
doctor come. And the boys and girls, for their 
part, do all they can to help their friend. They 
don't throw stones or deface buildings or steal 
from stores, and they show other boys that in 
their city such actions are despised. For the 
policeman is the protector and helper of boys 
and girls and not their enemy. 



IV 



A JUDGE WHO LOVES EVEN BAD 
CHILDREN 



The Lord is gracious and merciful, slow to 
anger and of great lovingkindness. 

—Psalm 145. 8 



One day, not many years ago, three boys in 
Denver were arrested for burglary and brought 
before the county judge. They had broken into 
a barn belonging to an old man and had stolen 
some of his pigeons. 

Now, it is burglary to break into a barn. 
There is no doubt about that. And according to 
law, a person who commits burglary must be 
sent to prison; many a boy has been sent to 
prison for no worse a crime than these lads 
were guilty of. But the judge in this court re- 
membered something which had happened when 
he himself was a boy in Denver. He and three 
other boys had started out one night to do just 
what these boys did — to steal pigeons. He him- 
self had not gone into the barn — he had been 
afraid to. But he would have gone if he had 

22 



A JUDGE WHO LOVES CHILDREN 23 

dared. And the barn had belonged to this very 
same man, whose name was Foy. He had always 
been ^ ^grouchy'' toward boys. 

The judge did not send these three boys to 
jail. He called them into his office and talked 
with them. They told him just what they had 
done and promised him in the future to keep 
out of such mischief. And he let them go 
under what the law calls a suspended sentence. 
That is, if they ever did it again, the judge 
would have to send them to jail. 

This judge, who could see the difference be- 
tween boys' and girls' mischief and real wick- 
edness and crime, was Ben B. Lindsey, and he 
is now known all over the country as the * ' kids ' 
judge.*' 

This case and the cases of other boys and 
girls opened Judge Lindsey 's eyes. He arranged 
to have all the children who were arrested by 
the police in Denver brought to his court. After 
a time a law was passed which said that there 
should be a juvenile or children's court, and Mr. 
Lindsey was the judge of this court. All the 
boys and girls in the city understood that this 
judge was their friend. 

**The judge, he gives a feller a show,** so 
the boys said. Even if a boy had been very 
bad, Judge Lindsey was eager to give him an- 



24 STORIES OF BROTHERHOOD 

other chance to do right. Almost always he was 
put on probation, which means that after this 
he must keep straight, and that for a certain 
length of time he must report at the court every 
week on a certain day and tell how he is getting 
on. The judge only asked that, the boys and 
girls tell him the truth — not about their chums, 
but about themselves. He never asked anybody 
to tell on his friends. Most of the policemen 
and judges had made it their first business, 
whenever a boy was arrested, to make him tell, 
or ^'snitch," on the rest of the gang. That is 
mean and dishonorable, as all boys know, and 
no one was ever asked to do it in Judge Lind- 
sey's court. But the judge did insist that if he 
was to be a friend to a boy, the boy must tell 
the truth about himself. ^^ Don't ye dare lie to 
the judge,'' said one small boy who had tried 
it and found it didn't pay. 

You must not think that Judge Lindsey is 
*^easy," or that one can fool him. There is a 
state reform school in Colorado, in the town of 
Golden, and hundreds of boys have been sent 
there from the juvenile court, to stay until they 
are strong enough to keep straight and do right. 
If a boy proves that he can't be trusted, to 
Golden he goes. There is no use crying or teas- 
ing to be let off. 



26 STORIES OF BROTHERHOOD 

Just because tlie boys and girls in Denver 
know that Judge Lindsey is their friend and 
will always be square with them, they have 
proved themselves true friends to him. Some 
of the older men have been his enemies and 
have tried to abolish his court and keep him 
from being judge any more. One reason is be- 
cause he attacked the saloons where boys and 
girls were being ruined and compelled them to 
obey the law. Other men hated him because 
they had been paid a sum of money by the state 
for every child whom they arrested and sent to 
jail. 

In fact Judge Lindsey has fought everything 
and every person that made money by hurting 
the lives of boys and girls. All these people 
hated the *^ kid's judge." But the boys and 
girls stood by him. Once when there was an 
election and his enemies were trying to put him 
out of his office as judge, the newsboys formed 
themselves into gangs and marched through 
the streets shoutin^: : 



Who, which, when ! 

Wish we was men, 
So we could vote for 

Our little Ben. 



They called him "little Ben/' because he is 



A JUDGE WHO LOVES CHILDREN 27 

SO small; lie only weighs about a hundred 
pounds. 

The fathers and mothers were so stirred by 
what the boys were saying and by other things 
they learned, that they came out and voted for 
Judge Lindsey, and he was elected. 

Even the bad boys and girls prove themselves 
worthy of this man's faith in them. One eve- 
ning as the janitor was about to turn out the 
light and close the court-room for the day, a 
boy was found hanging about the door. He 
wanted to see the judge. 

^^Is this him r' 

^^Yes, this is Judge Lindsey.'' Then the 
judge took him alone into his office, and the boy 
began to cry. He had been ^'swipin' things," 
he said, and had come to *' snitch" on himself. 
The ''other fellows" had said if he would go 
and tell the judge, the judge would help him to 
''cut it out." And after that, he did cut it out. 
Hundreds of boys and girls come to the juvenile 
court every year of their own accord, to con- 
fess their wrong-doing and promise to do better. 

Partly as a result of Judge Lindsey's in- 
fluence, many other juvenile courts have been 
started, until now there are such courts in al- 
most all the important cities of the country. 
Hundreds of men are acting as judges in these 



28 STORIES OF BROTHERHOOD 

courts and showing the same friendship for 
boys and girls, even bad ones, and the same 
faith in them, that Judge Lindsey has shown. 
They are surely carrying out the spirit of Jesus 
who was the ^ ^friend of sinners,'' even grown- 
up sinners, and who also was the friend of boys 
and girls. 



A WOMAN WHO MADE NUESING 
BEAUTIFUL 



Whosoever would become great among you 
shall be your minister, and whosoever would 
be first among you shall be your servant. 

—Matt 20. 27 

What would we do without nurses! When- 
ever any one in the family is very sick, first, of 
course, we send for a doctor ; and next very oft- 
en we send for a trained nurse. And when 
she comes, with her white cap and spotless uni- 
form, and quietly takes charge of things, at 
once we feel hopeful that the disease will soon 
be conquered. 

But only a very few years ago, there were no 
such nurses. There were women, indeed, who 
tried to do nursing. But they were not trained, 
and worse still, they were often ignorant and 
careless and sometimes cruel. This was because 
people looked down on the work of nursing, just 
as some people to-day make the mistake of look- 
ing down on housework. 

But about fifty years ago there was a girl in 

29 



30 STORIES OF BROTHERHOOD 

England named Florence Nightingale, who 
seemed to have a natural talent for nursing, 
and who saw how much good nurses were 
needed. She noticed how the poor people in 
her own village suffered, because they did not 
know how to take care of their sick. So she 
resolved to learn to be a nurse. 

In those days there were no training-schools 
for nurses in England; so she went to France 
and Germany, journeying from one hospital to 
another, learning all she could about the best 
ways of caring for the sick. No one in any 
country knew very much about this art, as com- 
pared with what is known to-day, but Miss 
Nightingale kept on traveling and studying for 
twelve years, until she was sure that she had 
learned all that could be known about the sub- 
ject. Then she returned to England. 

Soon she was asked to be the superintendent 
of a hospital for poor teachers, called the Har- 
ley Street Home, in London. Her friends hoped 
she would not accept the position. *^You don't 
really want to be a nurse,'' they said. But she 
did accept, and with her own hands swept the 
rooms and made the beds for the poor, sick, 
worn-out teachers and tended them and gave 
them their medicine. 

Soon after this there was a war between Eng- 



NrRSIXG MADE BEAUTIFUL 31 

land and Enssia, called tlie Crimean War, and 
thousands of British soldiers were sent to the 
shores of the Black Sea. Of course, as there 
were no good nurses or decent hospitals any- 
where in England, nobody understood the 
proper way to care for sick and wounded sol- 
diers. Very soon the suffering among them be- 
came terrible. The building to which they were 
taken was not large enough. The walls and 
ceilings were wet and filthy. There were only 
a few windows to let in the light. Rats swarmed 
over the sick men. There was no soap; nor 
were there towels, clean sheets, or even pails 
to carry water. By and by cholera broke out, 
and the men began to die by thousands. 

Then came Florence Nightingale, with thirty- 
eight other nurses who had promised to help 
her. She had had a very hard time finding these 
nurses. As she herself wrote, ''All London was 
scoured for them." And even after she had 
brought them to Scutari, the city in which they 
were to work, five had to be sent home, and only 
sixteen were at all efficient. Here is a sample 
of their complaints to Miss Nightingale : 

"I came out, ma'am, prepared to submit to 
everything, to be put upon in every way. But 
there's some things, ma'am, one can't submit to. 
There's the caps, ma'am, that suit one face, and 



32 STORIES OF BROTHERHOOD 

some that suit another. And if I 'd known about 
the caps, ma^am, I never would have come to 
Scutari. ' ' 

The caps of course were a part of the imi- 
f orm which Miss Nightingale had adopted. How 
proud our nurses are to-day of their uniforms ! 
It was Miss Nightingale who, through her effi- 
ciency and earnestness, made the uniform a 
symbol of helpfulness which is respected every- 
where. 

So at Scutari she set to work, using the knowl- 
edge she had gained during those twelve years 
of study. Inside of two weeks that dreadful den 
of dirt and horror and death was changed to a 
light, clean, and airy hospital, with spotless 
sheets, good food, and clean dishes. The sick 
soldiers were bathed and received their food 
and medicine at the proper time. Miss Night- 
ingale had made the change. She had set every 
one to work, doing just the things that needed 
to be done. She had worked twenty hours a 
day, going herself from room to room, often- 
times late at night, carrying her lamp and find- 
ing out whether everything was well with her 
boys. 

Lo, in that house of misery 

A lady with a lamp I see, 

Pass through the glimmering gloom 

And flit from room to room. 



34 STORIES OF BROTHERHOOD 

And slow, as in a dream of bliss, 
The speechless sufferer turns to kiss 
Her shadow as it falls 
Upon the darkening walls. * 

After the war was over, Miss Nightingale 
came back to England. She herself was sick 
and broken down from work and anxiety and 
fever. But the best part of her service for the 
world was still to come. When the Eng- 
lish people heard that she was at home again, 
they almost went wild with love and joy, and a 
great gift of money was raised to show her 
their gratitude. She would not accept the 
money for herself, but used it to start a real 
training-school for nurses, the first in England. 
As the result of her wonderful influence and 
example, people no longer looked down on the 
nurse's work as something ^'meniar* and *^ com- 
mon." Other training-schools were started in 
all the large cities of Great Britain and Amer- 
ica and in all civilized countries, and splendid 
young women flocked to enter them. Miss 
Nightingale herself wrote books for them to 
study. The hospitals, too, were entirely dif- 
ferent — clean and well managed, instead of 
dirty. 

Since Florence Nightingale's day the world 



Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. 



NURSING MADE BEAUTIFUL 35 

lias learned to honor nurses more and more, and 
the nurses themselves have learned more and 
more to deserve that honor. And so, you see, 
there is scarcely a sick man or woman or child 
anywhere who does not owe a debt of gratitude 
to this woman who made nursing beautiful ; who 
helped other women to see that even though it 
means doing very many disagreeable tasks, yet 
nursing is a fine art — I might almost say, the 
finest of the fine arts. 



VI 



A DOCTOE WHO FOUGHT THE GEEAT 
WHITE PLAGUE 



He will deliver thee . . . from the deadly 
pestilence. 

—Psalm 91. 3 



* * You have consumption. ' ' This was what the 
doctor said. The patient whom he had been 
examining was a young man named Edward L. 
Trudeau. The young man himself was a physi- 
cian just beginning his work in the city of New 
York. He had only recently been married to a 
beautiful young woman. They were not poor. 
They had every prospect of a happy and a suc- 
cessful life. 

However, the young doctor had not felt 
well for a few weeks. Some days he noticed 
that he was feverish. So he went to this older 
physician to be examined. And now this was 
the verdict: consumption! In those days (about 
forty years ago) the word, consumption, from a 
doctor's lips was just like a sentence of death. 
The disease was considered practically incur- 

36 



A DOCTOR AND THE WHITE PLAGUE 37 

able. So, as the young Dr. Trudeau staggered 
out into the street, despair took the place of 
hope and happiness in his heart. He knew 
what lay before him, for he had nursed a 
brother who had this disease and had seen him 
die. Next week, he knew, his cough would be 
worse, and his face and body would be thinner 
and more haggard and the next week it would 
be the same story, only worse still, until death 
should end it all. 

But Edward Trudeau was not a young man 
who easily gave up. He remembered that now 
and then cases of consumption had been cured 
by a change of climate. He heard that the air 
in the Adirondack Mountains was very good for 
consumptives. So he set out for Paul Smith's 
Hotel, on the Saranac River, among the Adiron- 
dacks. This was in the month of May. He 
spent the summer fishing, hunting, and camp- 
ing in the woods, most of the time out-of-doors. 
And when he returned to the city about the end 
of September, he had gained fifteen pounds in 
weight and seemed the picture of health. Dur- 
ing the winter, however, the old trouble came 
back, and by the next spring he was nearly as 
sick as the year before. So he set out for the 
mountains once again, taking with him his wife 
and two children; and this time he not only 



38 STORIES OF BROTHERHOOD 

stayed tlirough the summer, but stayed on 
through the winter, too. 

Every one thought that this was most rash 
and foolish ; for the winters in the Adirondacks 
are cold. The temperature often goes far be- 
low zero. And it was supposed that cold air 
was sure death for a consumptive. Neverthe- 
less, the Trudeaus braved the snow and ice, and 
when the springtime came, the sick man was al- 
most well again. Another summer passed, and 
another winter, and still he continued to im- 
prove. The disease had been checked ; perhaps 
it was entirely cured. This seemed wonderful. 
Other doctors began to talk about this young 
man who had cured himself of consumption by 
staying in the Adirondacks in the winter, where 
the snow was five feet deep and the mercury 
hung around the zero mark for weeks at a time. 
The result was that one of Dr. Trudeau's physi- 
cian friends sent a few of his consumptive 
patients up to Saranac Lake in his charge to see 
whether the winter climate would help them 
also. And about the year 1883 the young doc- 
tor started a sanatorium for consumptives by 
the beautiful lake among the mountains. Now 
that God had helped him to find a spot where 
he might be cured of this dreadful disease, he 
determined to do what he could to help others 



A DOCTOR AND THE WHITE PLAGUE 39 

to whom this fearful word, consumption, had 
been spoken. 

Just about this time, a German doctor named 
Koch startled the world by proving that this 
disease was caused by a kind of germ, or bacil- 
lus, called the tubercle bacillus, and that the 
disease was spread by the scattering of those 
germs in the air, so that others breathed them 
into the lungs. Most of the doctors in this coun- 
try ridiculed the idea at first, but Dr. Trudeau 
read Dr. Koch's book and was convinced that 
he was right. Soon afterward he built a little 
cottage which he used as a laboratory, where he 
could grow these tubercle germs in glass tubes 
and examine them through the microscope. He 
soon became an expert. And as he studied, a 
great purpose came to him. He would spend 
the rest of his life fighting those germs and try- 
ing to conquer them. Of all diseases, this was 
the most dangerous to mankind. More people 
died of tuberculosis, as people now began to call 
it, than of any other disease. At that time one 
in seven died of it. What if some one could 
find a way not only to cure a few consumptives 
now and then, but to abolish the disease en- 
tirely, to stamp it out, so that no one should 
have consumption any more? 

How could it be done? Already he saw part 



40 STORIES OF BROTHERHOOD 

of the answer. If this disease is caused by 
germs, then it can be kept from spreading by 
killing the germs before they are scattered. 
People should be taught not to cough or sneeze 
in the faces of others. Those who have the dis- 
ease should not spit on the ground, but should 
use handkerchiefs or cloths, and these should 
quickly be burned. 

Tuberculosis was, of course, a terrible thing 
for any one to have, but it was worst of all for 
men who worked in mills and other places 
where the air was full of lint and dust, and for 
people who lived in crowded parts of the city. 
And yet these millions of sufferers were just 
the ones who could not afford to go to the 
Adirondacks. But Dr. Trudeau knew it was 
not so much the mountain air which was bene- 
ficial, as just simply fresh air. And he believed 
that if people would only live as much as pos- 
sible in the open air, if they could be persuaded 
to sleep with their bedroom windows open, even 
in winter, they would be far less likely to be at- 
tacked by these tuberculosis germs, which thrive 
in close, dark, unventilated rooms. And many 
of those who did catch the disease might, he 
thought, be cured just by fresh air. Dr. Tru- 
deau proved this by experiments with animals. 
He took certain rabbits which had tuberculosis 



A DOCTOR AND THE WHITE PLAGUE 41 

and kept them in closed hutches; others, 
also tubercular, were allowed to run wild in the 
fresh air and sunshine. Of the first lot, four 
out of five died. Of the second lot — the ones 
who had lived out-of-doors — all but one recov- 
ered. The report of this experiment was print- 
ed and talked about by doctors all over the 
world. 

From that time on Dr. Trudeau^s sanatorium 
was something more than a place where a few 
fortunate sick people out of millions could 
come and be cured. It now became a wonder- 
ful advertisement of the value of fresh air any- 
where and everywhere as the way to cure and 
prevent consumption. As usual, there were 
many at first who laughed at him. ^'What?" 
they said. ' ' Open our bedroom windows in the 
winter! Do you think we are crazy T' But 
when vistors came to Saranac Lake and saw Dr. 
Trudeau's patients not only sleeping with their 
windows open, but sleeping out-of-doors on 
sleeping porches on the coldest nights of win- 
ter ; and when they saw how they were improv- 
ing, their cheeks growing fatter and rosier week 
by week, they went away filled with enthusiasm. 
By and by other sanatoriums like the one at 
Saranac Lake were started in other states. To- 
day there are more than three hundred of them 



42 STORIES OF BROTHERHOOD 

in the United States. Societies were organizer] 
to spread the knowledge of the new cure. Every 
Christmas the Red Cross Society sells Christ- 
mas seals to put on our letters and packages, 
and all the money goes to fight tuberculosis. It 
seems as though almost everybody by this time 
must have heard that fresh air is what will con- 
quer consumption. In schoolrooms, stores, of- 
fices, factories, and homes people are trying to 
banish foul air. Millions of bedroom windows 
which used to be tightly closed are thrown open 
every night. 

The fight against dark, crowded tenements, 
which Jacob Riis so nobly started, helps in 
this cause also. Sunlight, we have now learned, 
is almost as deadly an enemy of this disease 
as is fre^h air. They are both God's gifts 
to the world and should always be free to 
all. And we are beginning to win our battle. 
Statistics show that fewer persons die of tuber- 
culosis now than formerly. To be sure the dif- 
ference is not very great as yet, but it is a be- 
ginning. And by and by the time will surely 
come when the Great White Plague will be abol- 
ished; no more hearts will be darkened and no 
more happy lives shortened by those dreadful 
words — lung trouble, consumption, tuberculosis. 

How much the world already owes to this 



44 STORIES OF BROTHERHOOD 

man, who would not give up and who used 
God's gift of restored health and strength to 
help all men and women and little children to 
win that same hoon ! 



VII 



A MAN WHO DID NOT WANT ANY ONE 
TO BE POOR 

"Woe unto them that join house to house, that 
lay field to field, till there be no room. 

— Isaiah 5. 8 

A good many years ago, before there were 
any railroads to the Pacific Coast, a yonng 
printer's boy in Philadelphia, named Henry 
George, set sail for San Francisco by the long 
voyage aronnd Cape Horn. He was not satis- 
fied with the wages he was earning in the print- 
ing office, and he had heard of the wonderful 
fortunes that were being made in California, 
where gold had been discovered about ten 
years before. So he caught the fever and 
dreamed that some day he too could be rich. 

When he reached the western country, he soon 
found work to do at his old trade, but somehow 
his dreams of riches were slow in coming true. 
In fact, he came to know just how it feels to be 
without money. Some time later there was a 
year of hard times. He had been able to save 
up a little money, and he had a wife and one 

45 



46 STORIES OF BROTHERHOOD 

child. But now, like many others, he lost his 
job and could find no way of earning anything. 
By and by a second baby was born. All their 
money was gone, and there was not a thing in 
the house to eat. The poor sick mother was 
faint for lack of food. Mr. George went out of 
the house and walked along the street. As he 
himself told the story afterward, ^'I made up 
my mind to ask for money from the first man 
I met who looked as though he might have it 
to give. I stopped a man, a stranger, and asked 
him for five dollars. He asked what I wanted 
it for. I told him I had a wife and a little baby 
three hours old, and I had nothing to give my 
wife to eat. He gave me the money." 

A few years later Mr. George came across 
the continent to New York City on business for 
the newspaper for which he worked. In New 
York, as he went from street to street, he was 
shocked by the difference between the mansions 
of a few rich people and the enormous wealth 
which they could spend on themselves as they 
pleased, and on the other hand, the great masses 
of people who lived in dark wretched houses 
and whose pale pinched faces showed that they 
did not have enough to eat. Like Jacob Riis, 
he also knew what it meant to be poor. He 
knew there were many women who sewed all 



48 STORIES OF BROTHERHOOD 

day long and far into the night and yet could 
not feed their families. He knew how fathers 
felt who had to go home to hungry mothers and 
little children with no bread to give them. He 
did not believe that all people were poor be- 
cause of their own laziness or wrong-doing. It 
had not been through any fault of his that there 
was no bread in the house the day his baby was 
born. It was because he had not had a fair 
chance. And he believed that most people were 
poor because they had not had a fair chance. 
One day, as he was thus walking the streets of 
New York, there seemed to come to him a com- 
mand of God, that he should give the rest of 
his life, trying to help people out of poverty. 
**And," he afterward said, ^^I then and there 
made a promise, which I never forgot, to find 
out the cause that condemned little children to 
lead such lives as they were leading, and to 
remedy it, if I could. ' ' 

When he had finished his business in New 
York, Mr. George went back to San Francisco. 
And all the time he kept before his mind the 
question he had set out to answer. Why is it 
that a few men are very rich while many are 
desperately poor? Y/hy do some have more 
than they need while many do not have enough? 
One day when he was out driving in the coun- 



A MAN WHO HATED POVERTY 49 

try near Oakland, California, lie happened to 
ask a man how much land was worth in that sec- 
tion. The man answered, ^* About $1,000 an 
acre. ' ' Pasture land for $1,000 an acre ! In that 
moment it flashed over Mr. George that this was 
the answer to his question. There were many 
poor people in the world, because a few persons 
had gotten hold of the land, especially the valu- 
able land near the cities, and all the rest had 
to pay for the use of it. But who made the 
land? Did not God make it? And did he not 
intend it for the good of all his children? 

After this, Mr. George's one business in life 
was to help other people to see that the land 
ought to be used for the good of everybody and 
not just for the few. He wrote a book, in which 
he tried to show how this might be done. It is 
called Progress and Poverty. Some day you 
will want to read it. It is one of the most fa- 
mous books that has ever been written. It has 
been translated into every language in Europe. 
Hundreds of thousands and probably millions 
of copies were sold within a few years after it 
was published. 

The name Henry George was on men's lips 
everywhere — and now, perhaps, you think the 
printer's boy had made his fortune at last. 
Surely a book of which so vast a number of 



50 STORIES OF BROTHERHOOD 

copies were sold must have made its author 
rich. But you are wrong. Henry George never 
became rich. He insisted that his book should 
be printed in cheap bindings, so that it could 
be sold for a few cents. He was anxious that 
every one who could read and understand it 
might have the chance, and so learn how poverty 
might be abolished forever from the earth and 
no one need ever again suffer unjust want. Of 
course, there was little profit for Mr. George 
from the sale of these cheap copies. But what 
he now wanted with all his heart was not to 
make a great fortune for himself, but to help 
all his fellow men to get enough for their needs. 
And when his chance came at last to get more 
than he needed for himself, he scorned to do it. 

The later years of his life were exciting ones. 
He was invited to give lectures in many coun- 
tries explaining his ideas. He won over large 
numbers of people who came to love him as their 
leader. Others hated and abused him and called 
him an enemy of mankind. Since his death, 
however, the whole world has agreed that he 
was a great and noble man. 

There are still poor people in the world. 
There are still fathers and mothers who, 
through no fault of theirs, have no bread to give 
their little ones. There are still little babies 



A MAN WHO HATED POVERTY 51 

with pale, pinched faces, and boys and girls 
who go without breakfast to school. Some hon- 
est men do not agree that Mr. George's idea 
about the land would help matters, if it were 
carried out, although many others believe, that 
he was right. But one thing this man did do. 
He convinced people that some remedy besides 
charity for want and poverty can be found and 
must be found. To-day there is a great army 
of those who are giving their lives to bring this 
about. They are beginning to succeed. Some 
day they will win their victory altogether. And 
when that time comes, the prayer which our 
Lord taught us will be answered for everybody, 
not just for the fortunate few: "Our Father, 
give us this day our daily bread. ' ' 



VIII 

THE GOLDEN RULE IN BUSINESS 

All things therefore, whatsoever ye would 
that men should do unto you, even so do ye 
unto them. —Matt. 7. 12 

About twenty years ago there was a man in 
Toledo who owned and managed a somewhat 
strange factory. His name was Samuel M. 
Jones. The strange thing about this factory, in 
which oil-well machinery was made, was that 
he tried to run it in accordance with the Golden 
Eule. 

A notice was posted at the entrance of the 
building where every one who entered could see 
it. The notice read, ' 'Whatsoever ye would that 
men should do unto you, even so do ye also unto 
them. ' ' 

Most people laughed when they first saw that 
sign. They said, ''The Acme Sucker-Eod Com- 
pany (that was the name of Mr. Jones' com- 
pany) must be crazy.'' They did not believe 
that the Golden Eule would work. ' ' If you at- 
tempt to treat your workmen fairly, ' ' they said, 
''they will take advantage of you. They will 

52 



THE GOLDEX RULE IX BUSIXESS 53 

come late to ^ork in the morning. Tliey vrill 
cheat Ton by loafing and by doing careless 
work." But Mr. Jones really believed in the 
teaching's of Jesns. He ahvays kept a Tvell-Avorn 
copy of the Xew Testament on his desk at the 
factory. His favorite stories were from the 
Gospels, especially the stories abont Jesns' love 
for the common people. So he set ont to try 
Jesns' ideas in his own business. Soon this 
strange factory with the strange notice posted 
at the entrance began to be talked about all over 
Toledo, and Mr. Jones came to be known as 
Golden Eule Jones. 

In carrying out his ideas, he soon found that 
they would mean greater changes than even he 
himself had realized. At first his plan, no 
doubt, was simply to be kind to the men. He 
was courteous to them. They were not abused 
with profane or insulting language. Even if an 
employee seemed lazy, he was not immediately 
discharged but was warned in a friendly way 
that he must do l^etter. Often such a man was 
given a chance at a different kind of work, and 
often, too, the man made good. In this same 
si^irit, each employee received at Christmas, 
year by year, a ''bonus,'' or present, in addi- 
tion to his regular wages. 

But as Mr. Jones kept on asking himself, 



54 STORIES OF BROTHERHOOD 

**How would I like to be treated if I were a 
worker in this factory!'' he came to see that 
there were other matters more important than 
Christmas presents. First of all, a man wants 
to be treated justly. Justice must come before 
kindness. And workmen then, as now, were 
being treated unjustly in many ways by many 
employers. For example, suppose a man should 
be caught by a flying belt and lose his arm ; this 
would mean to him not only terrible suffering 
and a large doctor's bill; it would also mean 
that he would never again be able to go back to 
his old work. He might not be able to find any 
kind of job. How then would his wife and chil- 
dren be supported? There have been thousands 
of such pitiful accidents in the factories of 
America, and in most cases it has meant that 
the injured man and his family had to move in- 
to a cheaper and less comfortable house, w^hile 
the mother and sometimes even the boys and 
girls went out and earned what they could. But 
is that fair ? Even if the man had been careless, 
and so partly to blame for the accident, are we 
not all careless sometimes ! We are not always 
alert, especially late in the day, when we are 
tired. 

Mr. Jones thought that it was most unjust 
to let so severe a punishment come upon any 



THE GOLDEN RULE IN BUSINESS 55 

workman on account of one moment of careless- 
ness. So lie insured all liis men against acci- 
dents. If any of them should be hurt, he could 
at least be sure that his children would not 
starve. In many states there are now laws re- 
quiring all employers to protect their workmen 
in this way. But there were few such laws in 
Mr. Jones' time. He was simply following the 
Golden Eule. 

Another way in which Mr. Jones practised the 
Golden Rule was by hiring no children in his 
factory. Boys and girls, he said, should be out- 
doors at play, or else in school, not bending 
over a machine for long tedious hours each day. 
Very many owners of factories and mines have 
been thoughtless or cruel about this. Hundreds 
of thousands of children have been hired be- 
cause they could be obtained for less money. 
Many a boy eight years old or even younger has 
had to crawl out of bed at five o'clock on dark 
winter mornings at the call of the factory whis- 
tle, to earn money for the family. Laws have 
now been passed limiting the work of boys 
and girls in the factories, but in those days Mr. 
Jones could have hired them if he had wished. 

But why do fathers and mothers let their 
children work long hours, as they still do in the 
sugar-beet fields, cotton fields, and many other 



56 STORIES OF BROTHERHOOD 

places! It is not that they are cruel, but be- 
cause they need money to buy food or clothing 
or coal, or to pay the rent. Even if the father 
has a job, often his wages are so low that he 
cannot earn enough to live on. So, if the chil- 
dren are not to work, the fathers must be paid 
higher wages. 

Mr. Jones is not the only man who has tried 
the Golden Rule in business and has proved that 
it works. About twenty-five years ago there 
was a little glove store on Winter Street in Bos- 
ton. The owner was Mr. William Filene, an up- 
right merchant who treated his employees fairly 
and was respected and loved by them. Since 
the store was small, there were only a dozen 
or so employees, and Mr. Filene knew them all 
by name. They thought of the store as ^'our 
store,'' and worked hard to make it a success. 
Soon the business began to grow. Instead of 
selling only gloves, the store now handled all 
kinds of dry-goods. It moved into a larger 
building. Many more men and women were 
hired, until Mr. Filene could no longer call each 
one by name. And this brought the danger lest 
in the larger store the old spirit of good-will 
should be lost. The employees might now think 
only of their wages and care nothing for their 
work, while the owners of the store might care 



li,. *sv 



.^^t^' 





58 STORIES OF BROTHERHOOD 

nothing for the rights of their workers but only 
for what they could get out of them. 

This danger was escaped through the Filene 
Cooperative Association. To-day every one of 
the two thousand employees belongs to this or- 
ganization. They have for their use nearly half 
of the eighth floor in their great building. There 
is a lunch room, where good meals can be had 
at lunch time for cost. There is a rest room 
and a doctor's office, where employees, can be 
treated in case of illness. There is a special 
room, where those who catch cold may be 
treated, before they develop pneumonia. There 
are also club-rooms, which are open in the even- 
ings, and a hall for lectures and concerts. 

All these things are like the Christmas pres- 
ents in the Acme factory. The^^ show the spirit 
of kindness and are beautiful. But it is more 
important that first of all a worker should be 
paid just wages and that the length of his work- 
ing hours should be fairly arranged. Most 
workers have nothing to say about such mat- 
ters. They have to take what is given them. 
But the Filene Cooperative Association has 
real power in just these important questions. If 
the members wish to vote a holiday, they may 
call a meeting of the Association at any time 
and vote as they please. And the Association 



THE GOLDEN RULE IN BUSINESS 59 

elects four members on the board of eleven di- 
rectors who manage the entire business and de- 
cide what wages shall be paid. This goes even 
further than Mr. Jones in the application of the 
Golden Eule. Mr. Jones- paid fair wages, but 
after all it was he and not his men who decided 
what wages were fair. The Filene employees, 
on the other hand, are able to say something for 
themselves. 

In this case, also, the Golden Eule has been 
a success. Many thought that if the employees 
were given such liberty, they would ruin the 
business ; that they would vote themselves a hol- 
iday every other day and demand that each 
one's w^ages be tripled immediately. But they 
have done nothing of the kind. They receive 
good wages, and they do not have to work long 
hours. In all questions that have come before 
the Association, the members have remembered 
the interests of their employers and of the busi- 
ness as a whole. 

For example, in the year 1911 there was a 
holiday on Friday, June 17, which is observed 
in Massachusetts as Bunker Hill Day. The 
question arose, whether or not the store should 
be opened on Saturday, June 18. Once before, 
there had been a holiday on a Friday — a Fourth 
of July, and they did not have to come back to 



60 STORIES OF BROTHERHOOD 

work until the next Monday. What a chance 
for a good time at the shore or in the country ! 

But when the question was brought before tlie 
meeting of the Association, it was pointed out 
by some of the members that a Saturday in June 
was not like a Saturday in July. This particu- 
lar Saturday in June was just before the com- 
mencements in the schools, and there would be 
hundreds of young people who would be want- 
ing to buy dresses and hats and gloves for the 
graduating exercises. So, when the question 
was voted on, it was decided by a large major- 
ity to open the store again on Saturday, June 18. 

Since Mr. Filene's death his sons have car- 
ried on the business in the same way, so it is 
not surprising to learn that the Filene store is 
prospering. 

Golden Eule leaders. Golden Eule helpers and 
Golden Rule customers will surely make Golden 
Rule business. Let us have faith to believe that 
the time will come when all business will be 
carried on in the spirit of Jesus. Then no one 
will need to be afraid lest his associates will 
cheat him ; the strength we now waste in watcii- 
ing each other and working against each other 
we can give wholeheartedly to the common 
good; and the whole world will be a great Co- 
operative Association. 



IX 



A FAEMER WHO MADE TWO EARS OF 
CORN GROW IN PLACE OF ONE 

There shall be abundance of grain in the 
land. -^Psalm 72. 16 

Cotton cloth, as everybody knows, is made 
from the woolly fibers in what is called the boll 
of the cotton plant. Vast quantities of cotton 
are raised every year in our southern states, 
such as Texas, Alabama, Mississippi, and Geor- 
gia. But the cotton plant, like everything else, 
lias its natural enemies. One of them is called 
the boll-weevil, a beetle which lays its eggs in 
the cotton boll while it is young and tender. 
When these eggs hatch out, the boll is spoiled. 

In the year 1902 great numbers of these in- 
sect pests appeared in Texas. In many parts of 
the state the cotton crop was almost entirely 
destroyed. The next year the scourge spread 
rapidly to other parts of Texas and also to other 
states. The people were in a panic. They had 
always supported themselves by raising cotton. 
Now their crops had failed, and they had no 
money. The merchants, also, and others who 

62 



A MAN WHO HELPED FARMERS 63 

had lived by working for the cotton planters 
were in danger of being ruined, for the farmers 
had no money with which to buy goods. In many 
a large town more than half the stores were 
closed and boarded up. The people of the South 
were facing a terrible disaster. Moreover what 
would the whole world do for cotton clothes to 
wear, if this little beetle were to go on his con- 
quering way! 

Down in Washington, in the office of the De- 
partment of Agriculture, was a man who 
thought he knew how to stop the beetle. His 
name was Seaman A. Knapp. He was seventy 
years old, but in spite of his years he was a stal- 
wart fighter for his fellow men. He had been 
born on a farm in northern New York and had 
been a farmer all his life — but he was a scien- 
tific farmer. That is, he knew all about the 
* ^ how 's ' ' and ' ^ why 's " of farming. Now he was 
sent down to Texas by the United States ^Gov- 
ernment to show the people how to fight the 
boll-weevil. 

His plan was simple. It was to plant the best 
seed and plant a variety that matures early. 
^'Make the rows wide apart," he said, ''to let 
in plenty of sunshine. Run the cultivator 
through the fields very often while the plants 
are young. The result will be that most of 



64 STORIES OF BROTHERHOOD 

your cotton-bolls will be ready for the harvest 
before the weevils are old enough to lay their 
eggs/' 

Dr. Knapp and his helpers went all over the 
state of Texas explaining the plan, and the 
farmers were encouraged to try it. The next 
year the cotton crop was larger than before. 
The scourge of the boll-weevil was checked. 

But Dr. Knapp 's work for these farmers was 
not finished. Wherever he had gone, he had 
seen the need for better methods of farming. 
The soil and climate of these southern states 
were wonderful, but the crops were not half 
what they should have been. The farmers were 
discouraged. They worked hard, but they did 
not work wisely. They simply did what their 
fathers had done before them, without stopping 
to think whether there might be a better way. 
Often they raised the same old crops year after 
year on the same fields, until the soil was worn 
out. They did not understand how to use fer- 
tilizers. They just drudged along year after 
year in the same old ruts, without enthusiasm, 
ambition, or hope. But now they had faith in 
Dr. Knapp, because he had shown them how to 
save their cotton. He thought they might listen 
to him in regard to other improved methods of 
farming. So, with his helpers, he persuaded as 



A MAN WHO HELPED FARMERS 65 

many farmers as possible to start what he called 
demonstration fields of corn or some other crop. 
That is, the farmer set aside a five or ten-acre 
plot and agreed to follow Dr. Knapp^s direc- 
tions in cultivating it. Once each month during 
the summer an agent of Dr. Knapp came and 
gave advice and encouragement. 

The results were wonderful. The corn in 
these demonstration fields was tall and green, 
with full ears on each stalk, and right along- 
side, on the same kind of soil, the plants were 
small and pale and puny. It was like the con- 
trast in Pharaoh's dream between the seven 
ears which were full and good and the seven 
lean ears which were withered and thin and 
blasted by the east wind. So the next season all 
the farmers in that region wanted to try the new 
plans. 

Dr. Knapp 's fame spread to other states be- 
sides Texas, and soon he was traveling all over 
the South, spreading the good news of the naw 
kind of farm. 

By and by the boys began to get interested. 
A school-teacher in Mississippi, named William 
H. Smith, was passing one of Dr. Knapp 's dem- 
onstration fields one day, and the. idea flashed 
into his mind that he might start corn clubs 
with the schoolboys in his county. Each boy 



66 STORIES OF BROTHERHOOD 

who joined would raise an acre of corn. He 
must agree to follow the directions of Dr. 
Knapp, and to keep careful records of just what 
he did during the summer; and the boy who 
should raise the most corn on his acre would 
receive a prize. The plan was a wonderful suc- 
cess. In a couple of years corn clubs were 
started all over Mississippi. Mr. Smith became 
known as ^'Corn Club Smith. '^ Dr. Knapp 
spread the idea to other states and also started 
poultry clubs and canning clubs for the girls. 
In 1910 there were 46,000 boys in corn clubs in 
the South, and to-day in the South and in other 
parts of the country there must be many thou- 
sand more. One year four boys from four dif- 
ferent states received as a prize a trip to Wash- 
ington. They all came at the same time and re- 
ceived certificates of merit as champion corn 
raisers from Secretary Wilson of the Depart- 
ment of Agriculture. 

Dr. Knapp was literally a man who made two 
ears of corn grow where only one had grown be- 
fore. In the year before he started his work in 
Mississippi, the corn crop for that state was 
thirty million bushels. Five years later, as a 
direct result of his work and that of his helpers 
and especially the organizers and members of 
the corn clubs, the state raised sixty million 



A MAN WHO HELPED FARMERS 67 

bushels per year — exactly twice as much. One 
old farmer stood up at a county fair and said, 
^^Boys, I have thrown away forty years of my 
life. I have learned from Dr. Knapp how to 
raise as much corn in five acres as I used to 
raise in twenty. I have only just begun to be a 
real farmer.'' Everywhere men who had been 
poor and discouraged were now able to pay 
their debts and send their children to school and 
buy books and pictures and victrolas and even 
pianos and automobiles. They had more money 
to spend for schools; so the school buildings 
were improved and better teachers were en- 
gaged. The churches took on a new look of 
prosperity. There was a new spirit of good 
cheer everywhere. 

Nor was it the white people only who en- 
joyed these blessings. The negroes also shared 
in them, alongside their white neighbors. In 
North Carolina there was an old negro farmer 
named Calvin Brock, who had learned some- 
thing of the new methods. One day Governor 
Aycock was passing his place, and the old man 
was introduced to him. ^'I's mighty glad to see 
you, Mr. Aycock," he said. ^^I's mighty glad- 
you is guv 'nor of the state. ' ' Then he chuckled 
to himself. ''Me, I couldn't afford to be 
guv 'nor. ' ' 



68 STORIES OF BROTHERHOOD 

**W]iy not, Calvin! '' asked Mr. Aycock. 

*^ Why you see, sir, I gets more for my straw- 
berries than North Carolina pays the guv 'nor 
fer a whole year's work." 

Within a few years after Dr. Knapp's death 
came the terrible war between Germany and the 
Allied Powers ; and then, in a year or two, came 
a world-wide shortage of food. Mankind turned 
to the farmers of America and said, ^^Give us 
food, or we perish." And it is due to such 
trained farmers as Dr. Seaman A. Knapp that 
millions of men and women and boys and girls 
on farms and gardens from ocean to ocean have 
known how to raise the crops that should save 
humanity. 



MILK FOR BABIES IN CHINA 



They shall build the old wastes 
and they shall repair . . . the desola- 
tions of many generations. 

— Isaiah 61. 4 



In the city of Shao-wu (pronounced Shoiv- 
woo) in Southern China, there is a hospital 
which is supported by the Christian people of 
America. The doctor in charge is a missionary 
from America, Dr. Edward L. Bliss. 

Now a hospital needs milk. Sick people can- 
not eat coarse food, and usually the best food 
for them is milk. In this part of China there 
is very little milk. Even rich people can barely 
buy it, except in the smallest quantities. Again 
and again patients in Dr. Bliss's hospital have 
died, just for lack of milk. And what about the 
babies? Babies also must have milk, whether 
they are sick or well. But in many parts of 
China there is no milk for babies. Thousands 
of them die for lack of it. It is said that in 
China not more than three babies in ten live to 
grow up. 

70 



MILK FOR BABIES IN CHINA 71 

Why do they not have milk? For the very 
good reason that they do not have enough cows, 
and the cows which they do have do not give 
enough milk. Some cows are ^^good milkers;'' 
others are ^'poor milkers." A good American 
cow will sometimes give as much as twenty 
pounds of milk a day. But the poor weak cows 
of the Chinese farmers seldom give as much as 
four pounds a day. Besides this there is a dis- 
ease called rinderpest, which is very deadly to 
cattle. Thousands of cows in China die of it 
every year. This is partly because the people 
do not know how to cure it. 

Thinking of these things, Dr. Bliss made up 
his mind that a farm was needed in connection 
with his hospital, in order to furnish milk for 
his patients. So the land was bought, and in 
1917 Dr. Bliss came to America to buy cows and 
other farm animals of the best breeds. When 
he went back to China, he took his purchases 
with him on the steamer. One of the other pas- 
sengers wrote to a friend: *^We crossed on the 
same steamer with the missionary. Dr. Bliss. 
He was a second Barnum. He had a regular 
menagerie with him — geese, turkeys, ducks — all 
of fine breeds, besides fine cattle." 

All of these animals are now safe at home in 
the bams on the hospital farm. Not only 



72 STORIES OF BROTHERHOOD 

will the cows give milk for Dr. Bliss 's patients, 
but the calves will be sold every year to the 
Chinese farmers, and those who buy them will 
be told how to keep them from catching rinder- 
pest. By and by there will be plenty of milk, 
not only for the sick in one hospital but for 
everybody, babies and older people too, all over 
China. 

There is one special reason why Chinese 
babies sometimes do not have any milk or food 
of any kind, and that is the coming of terrible 
floods every few years along the great rivers. 
In the year 1852 the Hoang-ho Eiver made a 
new mouth for itself, two hundred miles south 
of the old one. Then in 1886 it turned back to 
the old one. The strange pranks of this change- 
able river cost the lives of more than two mil- 
lion people.. Many of them were drowned. Many 
more lost all their possessions and finally died 
for lack of food, for all the crops had been 
swept away from hundreds of square miles of 
the country. This is only one example. Again 
and again has come the news of another flood 
along a Chinese river, and then a little later 
pitiful stories of thousands of flood sufferers. 

There was such a flood in the year 1890 in the 
southeastern part of China, and the following 
winter there was a terrible famine. In the city 



MILK FOR BABIES IN CHINA 73 

of Soochow, in the heart of the famine district, 
there was a Christian missionary named Joseph 
Baihe. The pitiful siglits of that winter almost 
drove him insane. Day after day he saw half- 
naked mothers trying to keep little naked babies 
warm under their rags and often dying by the 
roadside amid the sleet and snow. One day Mr. 
Bailie exchanged a few dollars for Chinese pen- 
nies and tried to distribute them to the starving 
people. His clothes were almost torn to pieces 
by the eager grasping hands of the crowd that 
gathered. The bag of pennies was wrenched 
from him, and many of them were trampled into 
the ground and lost. And these were the people 
to whom Mr. Bailie was trying to tell the good 
news of a loving heavenly Father ! Suppose they 
had asked him, ^' Why does this heavenly Father 
let us and our babies die for lack of food?" 
What could he have answered? One thing was 
certain; he could not go on telling them about 
the Father's love and care without doing every- 
thing that he could to save them from starva- 
tion. 

What is the cause of these floods in China? 
That was the question Mr. Bailie asked him- 
self. The answer may surprise you. They are 
caused by the lack of trees. There is too much 
water at the mouths of Chinese rivers because 



74 STORIES OF BROTHERHOOD 

there are too few trees, too few forests, on the 
hillsides where these rivers rise. 

Did you ever stand under a tree in the rain? 
Then you know that it makes a fairly good um- 
brella. The drops do not come down nearly so 
fast as under the open sky. When they do reach 
the ground, they do not run oif so quickly. The 
water cannot cut channels and gullies in the 
ground, because the roots of the tree are here, 
there, and everywhere. So when rain falls 
on a great forest, the trees hold back large 
quantities of water and only gradually let it out 
into the brooks and rivers. In countries where 
there are many forests, the rivers do not often 
overflow their banks, even in years when there 
is much rain. 

But in China there are very few forests, for 
every bit of land possible is farmed. In 
some parts of China one can travel for hun- 
dreds of miles without seeing a single tree or 
even anything made of wood. The houses are 
built of mud, and for fuel they burn dried grass 
or manure, because the wood was all used long 
ago. The hills and mountains stand out against 
the sky like saw-teeth, bare and jagged. Once 
upon a time all those hills were covered with 
forests. But long ago the trees were all cut 
down, and no one took pains to plant young 



MILK FOR BABIES IN CHINA 75 

trees in their places. So now, when the heavy 
spring rains come, the water rushes down the 
mountainsides in foaming yellow torrents, 
washing out great ravines and carrying away 
the good soil. Then the rivers overflow and 
spread ruin over the rich lowlands, where mil- 
lions of people live. 

The same thing happens in America now and 
then, although not as in China. We also have 
cut down too many trees and have allowed too 
many of them to be killed by the gypsy moth 
and other insects. That is why the Ohio and 
Mississippi and other rivers sometimes over- 
flow in the spring. But we are learning to be 
more careful of the trees which we still have. 
Every year on Arbor Day we set out thousands 
of young trees, and in the spring we spray our 
trees with poisons to kill the insects. 

These are just the things that Joseph Bailie 
is helping the people of China to do. He is a 
teacher of agriculture in a missionary college at 
Nanking, China. During the famine a relief 
committee had been organized by the native 
Chinese, and Mr. Bailie persuaded them to buy 
Purple Mountain, near Nanking, with some of 
their money, and to let him take some of the 
flood sufferers who were starving and start a 
colony there. Like all the mountains of China 



76 STORIES OF BROTHERHOOD 

Purple Mountain was long ago stripped of its 
forests, and much of the soil on its slopes was 
washed away, or buried under sand. But to- 
day hundreds of young trees have been set out, 
and between these young forests are little farms 
where the Chinese families live. They are 
being taught by Professor Bailie how to make 
those barren fields fertile again, and in return 
they are taking care of the young trees. 

One objection was made to the plan: there 
were many cemeteries on the mountain, and the 
Chinese did not want to disturb the graves of 
their ancestors. But Mr. Bailie said, ' ' The dead 
do not need so much room, when the living are 
starving. ^^ And the Chinese people said, ^^The 
foreigner isn't far wrong." So the plan 
was carried out, and proved a wonderful suc- 
cess. 

As a result the Chinese Government has 
started other forest colonies on waste lands in 
other parts of the country. The Government 
has also asked Mr. Bailie to start a forestry 
school in the college at Nanking, and pays three 
thousand dollars a year toward the expenses of 
the school. So now expert foresters will go 
from this school into all parts of China, to plant 
trees and care for them, and to show the people 
how to care for them. There is also an Arbor 



78 STORIES OF BROTHERHOOD 

Day now on the Chinese calendar. The day used 
to be called Cliing Ming. It was a day for giv- 
ing special honor to one's ancestors. But here- 
after on that day every year, the school chil- 
dren will plant trees, for they know that the best 
way to honor one's ancestors is to make the 
world a better place in the years to come. 

Mr. Bailie is still telling the people of China 
the story of the heavenly Father's love. That is 
what he went to China for. But like Dr. Bliss, 
he is telling the story with deeds as well as with 
words. And that is a language that every one 
can understand. 



XI 

MORE BREAD FOR INDIA 

I was hungry, and ye gave me to eat. 

—Matt. 25. 35 

It is not only in China that there is a terrible 
scarcity of milk for babies and of bread for all 
people who have not plenty of money. The scar- 
city is as great in India. Travelers in that coun- 
try speak of the large number of poorly nour- 
ished children whom they see playing in the 
streets. Even in years when the crops are con- 
sidered good, many of the little boys and girls 
and their fathers and mothers go to bed hungry 
every night. But every now and then in certain 
parts of the country there comes a famine year, 
and that simply means starvation for thou- 
sands. There are, indeed, fewer famines now 
than there used to be, owing to the wise plan- 
ning of the government, but the need is still 
great. 

The causes of the shortage of food are partly 
the same as in China and partly different. The 
farmers of India know even less about right 
methods of farming than the Chinese, but there 

79 



80 STORIES OF BROTHERHOOD 

is another cause of the widespread hunger in 
India and that is the feeling about work. The 
people of India are divided into a great many 
castes, or classes, and it is considered a disgrace 
for those belonging to certain castes to work 
with their hands. They enjoy the results of the 
toil of other men and give nothing in return. 
According to the old and strict custom of India 
a person cannot choose his caste; he is born 
into it and must always remain in it, or must re- 
main an out-caste if he is born one. So we can- 
not blame those who refuse to work with their 
hands, so severely as we do such men in our 
country. New ideas about these things are 
spreading in India to-day ; in this story we shall 
see how some of the changes are taking place. 

In the year 1900 there was a severe famine in 
India. Thousands of people died, and thou- 
sands of boys and girls were left as orphans. 
Their fathers and mothers had sacrificed them- 
selves to save their children. Many of these 
orphans were taken into the homes of mission- 
aries. In the great Marathi mission in Western 
India more than three thousand of them were 
received and cared for. 

By and by the famine was over, but the mis- 
sionaries still had the children to care for and 
educate. It was decided that they should be 



MORE BREAD FOR INDIA 81 

taught some trade, so that they might be pre- 
pared to earn an honest living. About that time 
a new missionary named David Churchill 
came from America, He understood machinery 
and mechanical work; so he was asked to 
teach some of these orphans the weaving trade. 
He soon found that the old-fashioned looms with 
which the Indian weavers worked were very 
slow and clumsy. So he invented a new kind of 
a loom, on which a workman could weave nearly 
three times as much cloth in a day as on one of 
the old machines. The Government of India was 
so pleased with Mr. Churchiirs invention that 
it has been paying money to have other ma- 
chines made after this pattern and sold as 
cheaply as possible. Many a weaver is comfort- 
able and happy to-day, because he has one of 
Mr. Churchill's 'looms and so is able to weave 
more cloth and earn more money. 

Best of all, these boys from Mr. ChurchilPs 
weaving classes have learned to be proud of 
their work. They see three bales of cloth come 
rolling from their looms, instead of the one 
which came from one of the old kind, and the 
cloth is beautiful and durable; so they cannot 
help feeling happy and proud. Moreover other 
trades are taught by Mr. Churchill and in other 
schools like his which have been founded: for 



82 . STORIES OF BROTHERHOOD 

example, carpentry and various kinds of metal 
work. The boys in these shops learn to do neat 
and accurate work, and the more skilful they 
become the more pleasure and pride they feel 
in their work. 

But India needs farmers even more than 
weavers or carpenters or blacksmiths. For In- 
dia is naturally a farming country. Nearly 
eighty per cent, of the people are farmers. 
Hence one of the best ways to help the country 
conquer hunger is to teach her farmers to be 
as skilful in their work — the raising of rice and 
wheat and cotton — and as proud of their skill, 
as Mr. Churchill 's boys, in the work which they 
have learned to do. And this brings us to the 
story of Sam Higginbottom. 

It is not so many years since this man was a 
farmer ^s boy in Wales. He loved outdoor life, 
and left school when he was only twelve years 
old, because he did not like being shut up in a 
schoolroom so many hours each day. A few 
years after this, a friend gave him a Bible, and 
because it was a gift and because he loved the 
friend, he felt that he ought to read it through. 
So, every day for more than a year he read the 
Book. The result was that he became a Chris- 
tian and began to do with all his might whatever 
he felt that Jesus would have him do. Then the 



MORE BREAD FOR INDIA 83 

thought came that perhaps God wanted him to 
be a minister. He did not want to be a minister. 
He wanted to be a farmer and live and work 
outdoors under the open sky. Still, if he was 
to be a Christian, he. must be willing even to be 
a minister, if that were God's plan for him. 
And that meant that he must go back to school ; 
for how could he know whether he was fit to be 
a minister, until he had gained a better educa- 
tion? He had heard of Mr. Moody's school for 
boys at Mount Hermon, Massachusetts, and his 
father consented to let him make the long voy- 
age across the ocean to begin his education 
there. After a few years he graduated, first 
from Mount Hermon and then from Princeton 
College. After that he was planning to go into 
a theological seminary, where he could learn to 
be a minister. But that summer he met a mis- 
sionary from India who told him of a chance to 
go to that country at once without waiting to go 
through the theological seminary. It seemed 
that a teacher was needed in Allahabad, India, 
in what is now the Ewing Christian College. 

Within a few weeks he was beginning his work 
as a missionary teacher. 

Looking about at his adopted country, Mr. 
Higginbottom soon noticed that miserable crops 
were raised by the Indian farmers, and his heart 



84 STORIES OF BROTHERHOOD 

was touched with sympathy for the half- starved 
people whom he saw everywhere. The idea 
came to him, why not buy some land near this 
school and teach these people how to farm? At 
first his fellow missionaries were afraid the plan 
would cost too much, but his enthusiasm carried 
the day; a farm of two hundred acres of very 
poor, cheap land was purchased, and Sam Hig-. 
ginbottom was put in charge of it. So God ha-d 
led him to be a farmer after all. 

His first step was to send for some American 
farming tools, especially for American plows. 
In India the farmers use a crude wooden plow 
which only scratches the soil to a depth of about 
three inches. So it was something new in India 
when Mr. Higginbottom first ran his straight 
clean furrows ten inches deep. And just be- 
cause of that deep plowing the crops in those 
fields were nearly double the very first year. 

Other improvements were quickly introduced. 
Better breeds of cattle and sheep and chickens 
were brought in. Fertilizers were used. Silos 
were built. A silo is a deep brick or cement 
pit, in which chopped fodder stalks can be kept 
for feeding cattle, from one season to another. 
Indian farmers, and ruling princes and govern- 
ment officials as well, came from miles around 
to see this new kind of farming, and some of 



MORE BREAD FOR INDIA 85 

the farmers began to practise what they learned, 
on their own little farms. 

By and by Mr. Higginbottom started a train- 
ing-school for boys who wanted to learn to be 
farmers. He taught these boys, and through 
them he taught the people of their villages, to 
treat skilful farmers and all honest workers with 
honor instead of contempt. Students have come 
to him from all castes. At first he had no build- 
ings to shelter them, and they had to sleep out- 
of-doors under the trees — one tree for a bed- 
room, another for a kitchen, another for a study. 
Some students belonged to the higher castes — 
even the Brahmans, who are the highest of 
all. One rich Brahman who came brought his 
servants with him; he even had a secretary to 
take lecture notes for him. But that boy and 
others like him afterwards learned to put on old 
clothes and plow and dig and work in the dirt, 
just like all the other students in the school. 
And they are not ashamed of it, for they put 
their minds and consciences into it. And along 
with their new science of farming, they learn the 
story of a carpenter, who worked with his hands 
in Nazareth and who made all honorable toil 
glorious. 

In a few more years, when these new ideas 
about work and these new and better ways of 



MORE BREAD FOR INDIA 87 

working have spread all over India, we will not 
hear so much about hunger in that fertile land. 

In one of his speeches, Mr. Higginbottom said 
that on the Day of Judgment Jesus would say 
to some very surprised people, **Come, ye 
blessed of my Father/' 

^'Why, Lord, are we blessed?" they answer. 

^'You saw me hungry, and you gave me to 
eat.'' 

*^No, Lord, we never saw you." 

*^Yes," Jesus would say. ''When you taught 
the people in that little starving village to grow 
twenty bushels of wheat instead of six or eight, 
you were helping to feed the hungry. And when 
you showed them how to raise three bales of 
cotton instead of one, you were helping to clothe 
the naked. And inasmuch as ye did it unto one 
of these my brethren, ye did it unto me." 



XII 

IMMIGEANTS WHO HAVE HELPED 
AMERICA 

And if a stranger sojourn with thee in your 
land, ye shall not do him wrong. 

—Lev. 19. 33 

A good many years ago there hobbled into a 
little village in the Carpathian mountains in 
Hungary a one-legged Jew. He was welcomed 
and cared for by his fellow Jews in the Jewish 
section of the village. He told them that he had 
lost his leg fighting for Abraham Lincoln in the 
great Civil War in America. These people had 
never heard of Lincoln and hardly even knew 
that there was such a place as America. But in 
the days that followed, the newcomer kept on 
talking about that wonderful man with the Jew- 
ish-sounding first name, and that wonderful 
country west of' the great ocean. On the walls 
of his room he hung an American flag and a 
picture of Lincoln. 

There was at least one person who listened 
to his stories — a small boy in the house where 
he lived. This boy was never tired of hearing 
about America, the land of liberty, and about 
that Abraham Lincoln whose sad, kind face he 



IMMIGRANTS WHO HELPED AMERICA 89 

could see in the picture on the wall; how he 
loved all men and believed in them, and lived 
and died that all men might be free. A few 
years later the soldier died. Among his last 
words were these: ''If Jehovah is anything like 
Abraham Lincoln, I am not afraid to meet him. ' ^ 

The boy could not forget what he had heard 
about America. He loved to dream about that 
country where all men were free and had an 
equal chance, where even Jews were free! In 
his country the Jews had always been perse- 
cuted. He had never before heard of a country 
where his people, the Jews, were not despised 
and ridiculed and hated. By and by, when he 
had grown into young manhood, he left home, 
found his way to the seacoast, took passage on 
one of the great steamboats, and sailed to 
America. To-day that boy is known as Pro- 
fessor E. A. Steiner of Grinnell College, in 
Iowa. 

But now try to imagine, if you can, how that 
Jewish lad felt, with his dreams about America, 
when first he landed in the real America. At 
first sight it seemed very different from his 
dreams. Almost from the beginning he met 
persons who cared only for getting his money 
by fair means or foul. It had begun on the 
steamer, where all the poor people were crowded 



90 STORIES OF BROTHERHOOD 

into a dirty Tincomfortable part of the boat 
called the steerage. But ''it will be different/' 
lie thought, "when we get to New York/' By 
and by the big boat sailed up the harbor to the 
pier in New York City, and the boy found him- 
self on the shore, surrounded by a dozen men, 
each of whom was shouting at him and trying to 
get him to come to a different lodging-house. 
He went with one of them, and when he had paid 
in advance for a dinner and a night's lodging, 
he did not have a cent left — and remember, this 
boy could not speak a word of English! He 
knew nothing of American ways. He did not 
even know how to eat a banana. The first one 
he bought he ate skin and all, and wondered 
why it tasted so puckery. He was just like the 
thousands of others, who come every year from 
strange lands to our America. 

The next morning he set out to look for a job. 
He walked the streets all day, with not a bite to 
eat and without finding any work to do. At 
last in the evening he remembered something 
which his mother had given him just before he 
left. It was the address of a distant relative, 
who had come to America some years before. 
The house was eighty blocks away, and he had 
to walk the entire distance. Lucky for him that 
he found the people at home ! Of course, these 



92 STORIES OF BROTHERHOOD 

relatives were kind to liim, and tliey helped him 
to get a job as a cloak-presser. But still he 
found that most people he met were ready to 
cheat and mistreat a ^^ greenhorn." He lost his 
job because of his mistakes in speaking Eng- 
lish ; so after a time he started west, looking for 
work. He hired out to a farmer in New Jersey, 
and the farmer treated him like a slave. He 
worked in a coal mine in Pennsylvania and was 
locked up for six months in prison on a false 
charge. He walked most of the way from Chi- 
cago to Minneapolis on the railroad ties, and 
was nearly killed by a train on a bridge across 
the Mississippi river. He helped take care of 
cattle on a cattle train and was robbed by a fel- 
low workman, and when he threatened to have 
him arrested, the fellow pushed him off the top 
of a moving freight car and left him helpless 
with a twisted leg by the side of the track. 

But little by little the young man found 
friends in the new country and began to make 
his way to better things. He found that in spite 
of many unjust and greedy men in America, it 
was a good country, after all, and might some 
day become the land of justice and freedom and 
love of which he had dreamed in his boyhood 
days. By and by he became an American citi- 
zen, and no American ever loved his country 



IMMIGRANTS WHO HELPED AMERICA 93 

more dearly or more faithfully. "I have suf- 
fered much here/' Professor Steiner writes; ^'I 
have endured hunger, sorrow, and despair; yet 
I say again and again, 'Holy America,' 'Holy 
America M " 

Professor Steiner is best kno^^Ti for what he 
has done and is doing to help immigrants. For 
he is trying to help America by helping the men 
and women who have come to this country, 
ignorant of our language and our ways. He 
and men and women like him have worked to get 
laws passed compelling the steamboat com- 
panies to treat these people like human beings 
instead of like cattle, and to protect them from 
greedy and dishonest men when they first ar- 
rive. They have started night schools, where 
foreigners can learn English and where they 
can be ''coached" in regard to American man- 
ners and customs. Above all, they have tried to 
convince native Americans that many people 
come here just as Mr. Steiner came, because 
they have heard of America as a land of free- 
dom and justice and love. Many of them love 
America, even before they reach our shores, far 
more than some who are born American citi- 
zens. Men like Mr. Steiner are teaching us that 
we are all brothers, children of the same Father 
in heaven. 



XIII 

A BLACK MAN WHO BELIEVED IN 
HIS WHITE NEIGHBOES 

Our flesh is as the flesh of our brethren. 
— Nehemiah 5. 5 

In a school for colored boys and girls in a 
mining town in West Virginia, a little black boy 
named Booker was reading in Ms school reader 
the stories of men whose lives had been a serv- 
ice to the world. There were many stories of 
boys who had risen from humble homes to posi- 
tions of honor, for example Benjamin Franklin 
and Abraham Lincoln. Booker wondered 
whether he too might not some time become a 
great man. 

He was certainly poor and humble enough 
in those days. Before he came to that school, 
he had not even had a surname. He was just 
called ''Booker." The first day at school the 
teacher asked him his name. ''Booker," said 
the little boy. "Booker what!" said the 
teacher. "Booker Washington," was the an- 
swer. This was the name he had chosen for 
himself. 

94 



A BLACK MAN AND HIS NEIGHBORS 95 

In talking with his schoolmates about the 
characters in the reader, Booker spoke to them 
about his dreams of being a great man some 
day. The talk ran something like this : ^^ Benja- 
min Franklin was a poor boy/' said Booker. 
^^Why may not some of us boys become great 
by and byT' ^^Oh, no, Booker,'' was the reply. 
^'None of us black boys will ever be famous. 
Don't you see that all those men in the reader 
were white! If we were white, there might be 
a chance for us. ' ' 

What the boys said was true; in those days 
the men about whom the school readers told al- 
ways were white men. Booker's heart was 
heavy. There did not seem to be much hope 
that a black boy could ever be of very much use 
to the world. But a little later he heard about 
a negro named Frederick Douglass who had 
won respect and honor. This man had been a 
leader in the anti-slavery struggle before the 
Civil War. Booker was greatly encouraged by 
the story of his life and secretly kept on hoping 
that he, too, might some day do great deeds of 
service. 

As he grew older, however, he found that it 
was too true that a black boy had little chance 
to improve himself and his condition. The 
whole world seemed against him. He soon 



96 STORIES OF BROTHERHOOD 

learned all that was taught in the little West 
Virginia school, and he knew of no other school 
which was open to negroes. No one gave him 
any encouragement to seek for more education. 
Many people at that time believed that negroes 
ought not to be educated. 

Yet Booker did find some white friends who 
lent him a helping hand. One was a woman, 
named Mrs. Ruffner, for whom he worked as a 
household servant. Mrs. Ruffner had the repu- 
tation of being *^ strict.'' That is, she wanted 
her floors swept clean, under the tables and 
bureaus as well as in the middle of the room. 
Booker was a thorough worker, and Mrs. Ruff- 
ner liked him and encouraged him. 

While he was with Mrs. Ruffner, he heard 
about Hampton Institute. This was a school 
for negro and Indian boys at Hampton, Vir- 
ginia. It gave an all-around education — not 
only in books but trades, such as carpentry, 
printing, and farming for boys, and household 
work and sewing for girls. Booker began to 
save his money to go to this school, which was 
several hundred miles away. At last, when he 
thought he had enough money, he set out on the 
journey. He traveled over the mountains in a 
stage-coach, and the first night they stopped at 
a little mountain town. Booker went to the 



98 STORIES OF BROTHERHOOD 

hotel with the other passengers, but could not 
get a room. The poor boy had not even yet 
realized what it meant to be black. There was 
no place in that town for a negro to sleep, and 
all that night Booker walked about outdoors to 
keep warm. But the next day he kept on his 
journey, and at last, after many days of travel- 
ing, reached Hampton. Here he found good 
friends, among them the head of the school, the 
great General Armstrong. He was the best 
friend Booker Washington ever had. From him 
he learned to trust in God and give himself, like 
Jesus, in service to his fellow men. The chief 
word at Hampton was service. 

When Booker graduated from Hampton, his 
great ambition was to help his own people, the 
negroes of the South. He remembered the little 
boy who went to school in West Virginia, whose 
hopes and ambitions were discouraged because 
he was black. He knew there were thousands 
of black boys and girls who could make some- 
thing of themselves in the world, if only some 
one would give them the chance. Now it hap- 
pened that the state of Alabama had just ap- 
propriated money for an industrial school for 
negroes, at Tuskegee. Soon after graduating 
from Hampton, Booker Washington was ap- 
pointed as the principal of that school. He 



A BLACK MAN AND HIS NEIGHBORS 99 

made it one of the most famous schools in the 
world. "When he went to Tuskegee, there were 
no students, no buildings — in fact, nothing at 
all. The first classes were held in an old shanty 
which had been a hen-house. To-day, there are 
many large and beautiful buildings worth mil- 
lions of dollars, and more than two thousand 
students every year. Booker Washington be- 
came one of the most famous men in the world. 
He was even introduced to Queen Victoria of 
England, as the man Avho founded the Tuskegee 
school for negroes. The dreams of that little 
black boy in West Virginia did come true in a 
wonderful way. Even though his skin was 
black, he rose to a place of very high honor 
in America and in the world, because he had 
given to America and to the world a life of very 
high service. 

The most remarkable fact about Booker 
Washington, however, is not that he succeeded 
in spite of so many obstacles, but that in his 
success he felt no hatred against the white peo- 
ple, who had despised him because of his black 
skin and had tried to keep him from getting an 
education. Instead of hating all white people in 
return, he believed that usually they did not 
mean to be unjust or unkind, but that they sim- 
ply did not understand negroes. He believed in 



100 STORIES OF BROTHERHOOD 

his white neighbors. He believed he could win 
their good-will. This was what he taught his 
students at Tuskegee. ''I learned from General 
Armstrong," he often said, ''never to let any 
man degrade me by making me hate him.'' 
Many educated negroes spent their lives de- 
nouncing the wrongs which their race was suf- 
fering. They were very bitter and revengeful, 
and considering how negroes have generally 
been treated, we should not blame them too se- 
verely. 

Of course Booker Washington protested very 
often against acts of injustice against his peo- 
ple. For example, he was to make a speech in a 
certain town in the South one evening. Soon 
after he reached the town, he entered a large 
office building and looked around for the ele- 
vator. On the regular elevator was the sign 
''For white passengers only." But there was 
another elevator, on which was the sign "For 
negroes and freight," as though negroes were 
not human beings, but just things. The meeting 
in the evening was attended by many white peo- 
ple, as well as by negroes. In the course of 
his speech Mr. Washington spoke of that ele- 
vator and of the sign, "For negroes and 
freight," and he said, "Friends, that's mighty 
discouraging to the negro." All the people, 



A BLACK MAN AND HIS NEIGHBORS 101 

white and black, clapped their hands, and many 
of the white men jumped to their feet and 
shouted, ''You're right." Let us hope that the 
sign was taken down, and that as soon as pos- 
sible decent elevators w^ere provided in that 
towTL, for negroes as well as for white people. 

But Booker Washington felt that the best 
cure for the prejudice against his race was not 
to protest against it, certainly not in an angry 
and spiteful way. The most important thing, 
as he thought, was that the negroes themselves 
should make themselves worthy of the respect 
and love of their white neighbors. Sooner or 
later he felt sure that this would win their 
hearts. So in his school at Tuskegee he taught 
his students first of all to be clean and to keep 
their rooms and their homes tidy and in order. 
He himself had learned that lesson so well, 
when he worked for Mrs. Eutfner, that, as he 
expressed it, "I never see a button off a per- 
son's clothes or a grease spot on his coat, that 
I do not want to call his attention to it. I never 
pass a fence with a loose paling, without want- 
ing to stop and fasten it on." 

Then he taught his students to be absolutely 
honest and trustworthy, and best of all, to be 
useful, to make service the guiding spirit of 
their lives, wherever they might be ; to do their 



102 STORIES OF BROTHERHOOD 

work as carpenters or farmers or housekeep- 
ers so thorougbly and so skilfully that their 
white neighbors would come to depend on them. 
That is why he made Tuskegee an industrial 
school, to teach all kinds of trades. Like Mr. 
Higginbottom and Mr. Churchill, in India, he 
taught these colored boys and girls to be proud 
of honest work, no matter how humble. Many 
of them had despised and hated work. ''Only 
slaves work with their hands," they had 
thought. So, when the school was started, all 
the students wanted to study Latin and Greek; 
they did not like the idea of going to school to 
learn brick-laying, or dressmaking, or the prin- 
ciples of farming. But Booker "Washington 
showed them that free men work, too, and that 
the only work that is dishonorable is work that 
is carelessly or dishonestly performed; but that 
any man should be proud of useful, honest, and 
skilful work. 

The students at Tuskegee took these lessons 
to heart. And the result was that Booker Wash- 
ington's faith was proved true. Many white 
people of the South, as well as of the North, be- 
came his friends. Some of his most loyal helpT 
ers were Southern white men. When he died, 
in November, 1915, hundreds of white people 
came to Tuskegee from far and near, to do 



104 STORIES OF BROTHERHOOD 

honor to their dead friend; his influence had 
been felt all over the world. Never again will 
there be quite so much hatred between white 
men and black men as there was before he lived ; 
and he has helped us to believe that the time is 
sure to come when all such foolish prejudices 
will vanish forever. 



XIV 

A MISSIONAEY WHO HELPED DIFFER- 
ENT NATIONS TO BE FRIENDS 

They shall beat their swords into plow- 
shares. 

— Isaiah 2. 4 

The hatred which people of different races 
and nations often feel toward each other is not 
only one of the most foolish and ignorant kinds 
of hate; it is also one of the most dangerous, 
for it is one of the chief canses of war, and 
since August 1, 1914, the whole world knows 
how dreadful war can be. If, then, we want to 
prevent wars between the nations, we must find 
a way to cure race hatred. Men like Edward 
A. Steiner and Booker T. Washington have 
shown us how to cure it in our own country. 
How can we cure the prejudices between na- 
tions! 

About thirty years ago a young American 
named Frederick A. Shepard went out to Tur- 
key as a medical missionary. He was placed in 
charge of a hospital in the city of Aintab, not 
very far from Tarsus, where Paul, the first 

I05 



106 STORIES OF BROTHERHOOD 

great foreign missionary, was born. There 
were few other educated doctors in the city, or 
indeed in the whole province. So he very soon 
had plenty of sick people to take care of. All 
sorts of cases were brought to him, such as 
fevers, wounds, and broken bones ; most of them 
were helped by the new doctor, and many were 
cured. And often, as he was giving medicine or 
winding a bandage, he was able to tell the suf- 
ferer, in his or her own language, about Jesus 
Christ, the great physician, and about the 
Heavenly Father's love for all his children. 

Soon the fame of the American doctor began 
to be carried far and wide. He was sent for 
from all the towns and little villages in that re- 
gion, and he spent many days each year on 
horseback, with his medicine bags slung across 
his saddle, climbing up steep, rocky roads or 
risking attacks of robbers on dark nights in 
lonely places. 

The people used to say Dr. Shepard needed 
a war horse. One day he started on a trip 
which took a caravan ten days, but with his 
powerful bay horse he made the distance in four 
days. 

Often he traveled very dangerous roads. 
Sometimes he had to throw himself suddenly 
from his horse to avoid falling down a preci- 



108 STORIES OF BROTHERHOOD 

pice. He was cool and in a time of danger could 
decide in a flash what was the best thing to do. 
Then he would often turn and make some laugh- 
ing remark. 

One day when several people were riding with 
him along a narrow path, on the side of the 
mountain, a horse which one of the ladies was 
riding began to prance. While the path was 
quite wide enough as long as the horses were not 
restive, there was no room for unusual capers. 
Dr. Shepard noticed the danger and called 
quickly to the horse, which had been trained by 
him. It knew his voice instantly and became 
quiet. Dr. Shepard turned with a smile and 
said, **A nervous colt is a good deal more con- 
cerned about a fly on the end of his nose than 
he is about falling off a precipice." 

Once he and his devoted Armenian servant 
were riding in the Taurus Mountains. Happen- 
ing to look back, he saw two Circassian robbers 
on splendid horses coming out of a ravine. 
Now the Circassian robbers are the boldest and 
cruelest robbers of all Turkey; even the Turk- 
ish government is afraid of them. 

They were coming on rapidly, an^ knowing 
his tired horse could not outrun them, he al- 
lowed them to come up alongside. They wore 
the usual tight, skirted coats and black Persian 



A FRIENDLY MISSION DOCTOR 109 

lamb caps, each with a perfect arsenal of cart- 
ridges and a dagger in its sheath at his side. 
Each had both a revolver and a gun. Their 
intensely black eyes and rather pale skin made 
them look very fierce. They spoke to Dr. Shep- 
ard roughly: ''You ought not to be out on the 
road alone at this time of night. ' ' 

"I am not alone," said Dr. Shepard shortly. 

"There are only two of you. It's not 
enough. ' ' 

"And there are only two of you." 

"Ah-h-h. But ive're Circassians!" 

' ' And who am I ? " said the American doctor, 
looking them straight in the eyes. 

At this the robbers rode away. Evidently 
they decided this fearless man was too big game 
for them. 

At first the people that came to Dr. Shepard 
were chiefly Armenians, who are members of 
an ancient Christian Church. The Turks, who 
were the rulers of the country, worshiped Mo- 
hammed, and they hated all Christians ; if they 
had dared, they would have driven out all the 
Christians who came from America and other 
lands. But Turks are sick sometimes, like 
other people, and they kept hearing about the 
wonderful cures which this American doctor 
was performing. After a time, many of them 



110 STORIES OF BROTHERHOOD 

ventured to come to him. They were treated 
just as kindly as any one else, and when they 
were cured, they went home and told their 
friends. They had heard, all their lives, all 
sorts of false and absurd stories about the 
Christians. But now, in Dr. Shepard's hos- 
pital, they began to change their opinions. More 
and more Turks came to be treated, until by 
and by the doctor had almost as many Turkish 
patients as Armenians. His reputation spread 
all over the Turkish empire, for, indeed, he was 
a most skilful physician and surgeon, and in 
spite of the enormous number of persons who 
came to him day and night, he read and studied 
and kept up with the latest and best methods of 
treating disease. 

It was not uncommon to see groups of fifty 
patients waiting for him. Sometimes bands of 
Arabs came in from the desert and visited the 
hospital in a body, many of them for treatment, 
and others to express their greetings to '^His 
Excellency, the skilful and merciful doctor. ' ^ 

Among the first Turks who came to the doc- 
tor was the son of a very rough and wicked 
man. A successful operation was performed, 
and the boy was sent away cured. One day, 
years afterward, a Christian preacher in a town 
four days' journey from Aintab was being 



A FRIENDLY MISSION DOCTOR 111 

stoned to death by a mob, when this Turk hap- 
pened along and rescued him. The leaders of 
the mob appealed to the governor, who sent 
word to the Turk to hand over the preacher to 
his enemies. The Turk sent word back that the 
man was his guest, a friend of his friend. Dr. 
Shepard ; that lie himself had ten sons and ser- 
vants, all well armed; and if they thought they 
could take his guest, let them come and try. 
They did not try. Scores of similar stories 
might be told, of Turks who protected the Ar- 
menians and other Christians from persecution 
and death, even in times of massacre, such as 
those of the great war, because of what they 
had learned in Dr. Shepard 's hospital. 

Here is what one Turk had to say about Dr. 
Shepard. He had gone to the hospital with a 
bad sore on his foot. ^' First, two clean and 
neatly dressed foreign ladies came and un- 
wound the dirty cloths from my foot and 
washed it. Then Dr. Shepard came and per- 
formed an operation. Blessed be his knife! 
They took care of me, and I got well. I could 
never get such care and service from any of 
the people of my own household. It was very 
strange. I could not understand it, but I shall 
never forget it. May Allah bless Dr. Shepard ! ' ' 
In fact, so completely did Dr. Shepard win the 



112 STORIES OF BROTHERHOOD 

love and trust of the Turkish people that he was 
granted a decoration by the Sultan himself, as 
a token of gratitude. 

All these stories illustrate what Dr. Shepard 
did to break down prejudice and hatred between 
races and nationalities. This is one of the great- 
est benefits which foreign missionaries bring to 
humanity. Many people hate foreigners be- 
cause of what seem to them their queer ways 
and funny speech. We Americans make the 
same mistake. We forget that our customs 
seem just as queer and our words sound just 
as funny to other peoples and races. 

When Dr. Livingstone was in the heart of 
Africa, a native king once asked him why he had 
left his home and come so far, to the depths of 
that African forest. Dr. Livingstone replied, 
^'I have come because I believe that we are all 
God's children, and as brothers and sisters we 
ought to know each other better. ' ' That is what 
all the missionaries do. The letters and books 
which they write help us to realize that, al- 
though the peoples of many lands are cursed 
with some false ideas and cruel customs, after 
all, they are really much like us at home and 
have in their hearts the same seeds of goodness, 
which may grow into kindness and truthfulness 
and unselfishness. 



A FRIENDLY MISSION DOCTOR 113 

When Dr. Sheparcl had been in Aintab 
twenty -five years, his friends held a great jubi- 
lee celebration in his honor. At this meeting he 
said: ''I came to this country to bear witness 
that God is love. If I have been able to show 
this to yon, I have had my reward. I beg and 
counsel you to know that God is love, and to 
love each other in deed and in truth.'' 

A few years later, during the great war, when 
thousands were dying of typhus, the great doc- 
tor himself came down with it, while he was try- 
ing to cure others. So at the very end he 
showed people by dying for others, as he had 
lived for them, the greatness of God's love. 



XV 

HEROES OF TOIL IN ALL LANDS 

And the three mighty men broke through the 
host of the Philistines, and drew water out 
of the well of Bethlehem . . . and took it 
and brought it to David. But he would not 
drink thereof, but poured it out unto Jeho- 
vah. And he said, Be it far from me, Jeho- 
vah . . . ; shall I drink the blood of the 
men that went in jeopardy of their lives? 
—2 Samuel 23. 16, 17 

It is growing colder in your house. Flakes 
of snow are drifting through the air. The news- 
paper says a cold wave is coming, and evidently 
the advance guard of the wave is already here. 
It is well for you that there is a big pile of coal 
in the bin downstairs. You hurry down and get 
a scuttleful of the shiny black '^stones'' and 
throw them on the tire and open the drafts. 
Soon you will be warm and comfortable again. 
As you sit down with your book, you think, 
''What a blessing is coal!" 

Listen ! One of the black lumps is telling you 
its history: 

''Hundreds of thousands of years ago I was 

.114 



HEROES OF TOIL IN ALL LANDS 115 

a part of a tree in a great forest which covered 
half a continent. Year after year the hot sun- 
shine beat down npon us trees, and year by 
year we grew taller and thicker. In this way 
the heat of God's sunshine was being stored up 
in the fibers of our wood. By and by changes 
came over the earth. The tree of which I was 
a part fell to the earth and lay with hundreds 
of others in a swamp. In the course of time we 
were buried more and more deeply. Mountains 
were piled above us. Little by little, as we slept 
in the depths of the earth, we were changed into 
the shiny black substance that we are to-day. 
Yet in spite of these changes, we still keep 
stored within us the heat of that sunshine of 
long ago. 

''One day I was awakened by a terrible ex- 
plosion that shook the earth. I found myself 
lying in a pile of slate and gravel and other 
lumps of coal, at the end of a long dark passage- 
way. Men were going to and fro, with lighted 
candles fastened to their caps above their grimy 
faces. They were miners, and their work was 
to dig for us lumps of coal. 

''That long passageway was hundreds of feet 
below the surface of the ground. There were 
posts and braces here and there to keep the 
earth from caving in and burying the men. It 



116 STORIES OF BROTHERHOOD 

was dangerous work for them. They had to use 
dynamite to shatter the rock and loosen us ; and 
you cannot always be sure what an explosion of 
dynamite will do. Even while I was there, a 
wooden beam was shaken loose by an explosion, 
part of the roof of the passage caved in, and 
some of the miners were buried under the fall- 
ing rocks. Never again did they see the bright 
sunlight, or the faces of their children, who 
were waiting for them up above at the mouth 
of the mine. 

^'Yet after a while other men shovelled us 
into cars, and we were taken up an elevator, 
and then piled with millions more of us into 
railroad cars — and here we are, giving out our 
stored-up sunshine to keep you warm ! Are you 
not glad that there were men brave enough to 
go down that long dark passageway and blast 
us out, to make you comfortable this winter 
dayr' 

The story that the coal told is just one illus- 
tration of the fact that our welfare from day 
to day and from hour to hour depends on the 
faithfulness and heroism of multitudes of men. 

"We are sometimes tempted to think that 
heroism is something unusual. We know that 
soldiers are brave in battle, that firemen per- 
form wonderful deeds, rescuing people from 



HEROES OF TOIL IN ALL LANDS 117 

burning buildings. We read thrilling accounts 
of the unselfish courage which is shown in ship- 
wrecks or in railroad accidents. But we forget 
that our daily bread and most of the comforts 
and necessities of life are provided for us only 
through the quiet every-day heroism of thou- 
sands, whom we never see and to whom it is all 
^'just a part of the day's work." 

Coal mining is dangerous. Many miners are 
killed or wounded every year by unexpected 
cave-ins of the rock and gravel or by accidental 
explosions or by fires. And after your coal was 
mined, the engineers and brakemen on the trains 
which brought it to you risked their lives many 
times. Wherever there are flying wheels and 
rods and heavy, swiftly moving machinery, 
whether on railroads or in factories, there are 
sure to be accidents now and then. Some work- 
er, off his guard for a moment, will be caught 
in a belt or crushed by interlocking cogs. Your 
clothes, your shoes, and a thousand things which 
you use every day were all made in such fac- 
tories. 

Carpenters and builders cannot avoid danger 
when they are working on high places. This is 
especially true of those who work on the many- 
storied buildings of the cities. If you live in an 
apartment house, think for a moment how the 



118 STORIES OF BROTHERHOOD 

great steel girders of that building were swung 
into place. Men had to climb out on the frame 
of the building, as it grew from story to story, 
and drive their riveting machines, all the time 
standing where a single misstep would mean 
being dashed to death on the pavement, perhaps 
hundreds of feet below. So daring and yet 
sure-footed are these men who erect our great 
steel buildings and bridges, that they have been 
called the ^'cowboys of the sky.'' 

Many kinds of work lead to special diseases. 
Workers in paint and varnish often have lead 
poisoning, for lead is used in making paint, and 
lead is a deadly poison. Lead was used in mak- 
ing your umbrella, the linoleum on your kitchen 
floor, and many other articles about your home. 
Some of the workers who made these things cer- 
tainly suffered from lead poisoning. 

Dust injures workers, too. We have not found 
out how to make felt hats without filling the air 
of the factory with clouds of dust. Stone can- 
not be drilled, or iron files ground, without 
making dust. And the workman cannot help 
breathing in some of the fine particles of felt or 
stone or metal. This irritates the membranes 
of his throat and lungs and makes it easy for 
him to catch pneumonia or consumption. 

During the past few years much has been 




Photo from American Museum of Safety 

^ nwT?F ^''A^?r9^'^^L CASH REGISTER COMPANY, DAYTON, 
m?cT'VxT^A^C?.^9^' SYSTEM REMOVES THE METAL 
DUST THAT FLIES FROM THE GRINDING WHEELS 



120 STORIES OF BROTHERHOOD 

done to make all kinds of work less dangerous 
to life and limb. People began to realize bow 
cruel it was to ask tbeir fellow men to run need- 
less risks. There have been many inventions to 
protect the lives of miners, railroad men, and 
others who work with machinery, and laws have 
been passed in all the states compelling the use 
of such safety devices in many dangerous kinds 
of work. 

Some very honorable things have been done 
by business men themselves, without being com- 
pelled by law. For example, until a very few 
years ago, about one sixth of all the chocolate 
and cocoa in the world was raised by Portu- 
guese planters, on the islands of San Thome and 
Principe, off the west coast of Africa. These 
islands belong to the Portuguese government. 
The work of cultivating and harvesting the 
cocoa bean was done by negro slaves, who were 
captured on the mainland of Africa and cruelly 
torn from their homes. On the roads to the 
coast, where the slave caravans traveled, could 
be seen skeletons of the poor creatures who had 
grown weary and sunk on the way and who had 
been shot and left beside the road as a warning 
to others. When this state of affairs became 
known, and when the Portuguese government 
refused to put a stop to this slavery, nearly all 




Photo from American Aliiseiim of Safety 

THE PIPES THAT CARRIED THE DUST SAFELY AWAY 
FROM THE WORKERS' LUNGS 

A WEEK'S ACCUMULATION OF METAL DUST 



122 STORIES OF BROTHERHOOD 

the cocoa and chocolate manufacturers in the 
world stopped buying from these islands. 
Among those who thus refused to profit by 
human slavery were many famous American 
chocolate firms, such as Walter Baker and Com- 
pany, Pluyler's, and Lowney's. As a result, 
planters began to see that they must change 
their methods of treating their workers and 
must abolish their cruel system of slavery. 

Another story which is good to tell is that of 
the Diamond Match Company. Matches used to 
be made of phosphorus. The effect of this sub- 
stance on the workers who handled it was very 
bad. It caused a terrible disease of the jaw, 
which was known as ^'phossy jaw.'' Now some 
ingenious person discovered a new way of mak- 
ing matches, which did not require phosphorus, 
and which therefore would not give the workers 
the ^^phossy jaw." This new method was pat- 
ented, and the patent was bought by the Dia- 
mond Match Company, so that no one else had a 
right to make or sell this new kind of match. 
As time went on, the story of the sufferings of 
match workers became known. It seemed un- 
just that so many men and women should have 
their lives spoiled, that we might have matches 
with which to light our fires, especially when 
there was another less dangerous way of mak- 



HEROES OF TOIL IX ALL LANDS 123 

ing matclies. So, during President Taft's term 
of office a bill was brought before Congress, 
prohibiting the use of phosphorus in matches. 
The chief objection to this bill was the fact that 
the Diamond Match Company owned the patent 
on the new method, and if this law should be 
passed, all the other companies would have to 
go out of business. But just at this time the 
Diamond Company came forward with one of 
the fairest and most generous acts ever done by 
a business firm. They announced that they 
would give up their patent and the special rights 
which it gave them. Nothing would then hinder 
all match companies from using the safer 
method. So the law was immediately passed, 
and that was the end of ''phossy jaw" in 
America. 

Much more could still be done to protect the 
health and lives of toilers. We have only made 
a beginning. Many safety devices have been in- 
vented which are not yet in use, because em- 
ployers are not willing to go to the expense of 
installing them. They prefer to make money 
out of the blood of their helpers. By and by, 
when w^e have all awakened from our selfish in- 
difference, we will compel such men by law to 
treat workers more decently. 

When all possible reforms have been made, 



124 STORIES OF BROTHERHOOD 

however, there will still be danger in some kinds 
of necessary work. There will always be acci- 
dents in mines and storms at sea. It will 
always be dangerous to handle liquid, white-hot 
iron, as men do in steel foundries. Cowboys of 
the sky, like the one pictured on our cover, must 
swing out upon great girders high in the air. 
Some workers will always have to do these 
things endangering their lives, that others may 
be comfortable and happy. We must honor 
them, as David honored the men who risked 
their lives to bring him a drink of water. They 
are the real heroes of brotherhood. 



THE END 



